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Tense āĻ–ুāĻŦ āĻ•āĻ িāύ, āϤাāχāύা ? āϤো āϚāϞুāύ, āĻāϟাāĻ•ে āϏāĻšāϜ āĻŦাāύাāύোāϰ āĻ•াāϜে āϞেāĻ—ে āĻĒ⧜া āϝাāĻ• !!


Tense.........। āĻ–ুāĻŦ āĻ•āĻ িāύ , āϤাāχāύা...... । āύাāĻš...āφāϏāϞে āφāĻŽāϰা tense-āĻ•ে āĻ•āĻ িāύ āĻŦাāύি⧟েāĻ›ি ।Tense āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻŽোāϟেāχ āĻ•āĻ িāύ āĻ•িāĻ›ু āύা । āύিāϚেāϰ āφāϞোāϚāύা āĻĨেāĻ•ে āύিāϜেāχ āĻŦিāϚাāϰ āĻ•āϰো ,āĻ•āĻ িāύ ,āύা āϏāĻšāϜ । āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽে āĻŦুāĻāϤে āĻšāĻŦে tense āĻ•ী ?
āύিāϚেāϰ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāĻ—ুāϞো āϞāĻ•্āώ্āϝ āĻ•āϰো :
1. āφāĻŽি āĻŦāϏāĻŦো (āĻ­āĻŦিāώ্āϝāϤে āĻŦāϏāĻŦো) ।
                                     2. āφāĻŽি āĻŦāϏāĻ›ি (āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύে āĻŦāϏāĻ›ি) ।                                         
             3 .āφāĻŽি āĻŦāϏেāĻ›িāϞাāĻŽ (āĻ…āϤিāϤে āĻŦāϏেāĻ›িāϞাāĻŽ) ।
āĻāχ āϤিāύāϟি āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝে āĻŦāϏাāϰ āĻ•াāϜāϟা āϤিāύāϟি āĻ•াāϞে āϘāϟেāĻ›ে ।
āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝেāϰ āĻŦāϏাāϟা āĻ­āĻŦিāώ্āϝāϤে āϘāϟāĻŦে ।
āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤী⧟ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝে āĻŦāϏাāϰ āĻ•াāϜāϟা āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύে āϘāϟāĻ›ে ।
āϤৃāϤী⧟ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝে āĻŦāϏাāϰ āĻ•াāϜāϟা āĻ…āϤিāϤে āϘāϟেāĻ›িāϞ । āĻāĻ–āύ āĻŦāϞোāϤো āĻ•োāύ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāϟা āĻāχ āϤিāύāϟি āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝেāϰ āĻ•াāϞেāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āϘāϟি⧟েāĻ›ে ?
- "āĻŦāϏা" āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāϟা āϤাāχāύা !
- āφāϚ্āĻ›া ! "āĻŦāϏা" āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāϟা āĻ•ী?
- "āĻŦāϏা" āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāϟা āĻāĻ•āϟা āĻ•্āϰি⧟া (āϝে āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āĻŦāϏা,āĻ–াāĻ“ā§Ÿা,āϝাāĻ“ā§Ÿা āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰা āĻŦুāĻা⧟ āϤাāχ āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে āĻ•্āϰি⧟া āĻŦা verb)
- āφāϚ্āĻ›া !"āĻŦāϏা" āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāϟাāϰ āϤিāύ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝে āϤিāύāϟা āϰূāĻĒ
āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž
• āĻŦ āϏ + āĻŦ
• āĻŦ āϏ + āĻ›ি
• āĻŦ āϏ + āĻ›িāϞাāĻŽ
āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝে: "āĻŦāϏা" āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻেāϰ āϏাāĻĨে "āĻŦ"-āϟা āĻāϏেāχ "āĻŦāϏা "āĻāχ āĻ•াāϜāϟাāĻ•ে āĻ­āĻŦিāϏ্āϝāϤে āύি⧟ে āĻ—েāĻ›ে । ( āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž "āĻ­āĻŦিāϏ্āϝāϤে āĻŦāϏāĻŦো" āĻāϟা āĻŦুāĻাāϚ্āĻ›ে ) ।
āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤী⧟ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝে: "āĻŦāϏা" āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻেāϰ āϏাāĻĨে "āĻ›"-āϟা āĻāϏেāχ "āĻŦāϏা" āĻ•াāϜāϟাāĻ•ে āĻŦāϰ্āϤাāĻŽাāύে āύি⧟ে āĻ—েāĻ›ে ।
āϤৃāϤী⧟ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝে: "āĻŦāϏা" āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻেāϰ āϏাāĻĨে "āĻ›িāϞাāĻŽ" āĻāϏে⧟েāχ “āĻŦāϏাāĻ•ে” āĻ…āϤিāϤে āύি⧟ে āĻ—েāĻ›ে । āϝে āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāϟি āĻāĻ–াāύে āϤিāύāϟি āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāĻ•ে āϤিāύāϟি āĻ•াāϞে āύি⧟ে āϝাāϚ্āĻ›ে , āϤা āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে āϐ āĻŦāĻ•্āϝে āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ āĻ•্āϰি⧟া āĻŦা verb। āφāĻŦাāϰ āϐ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāĻ•ে āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻ•াāϞে āύি⧟ে āϝাāĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝে āĻ•্āϰি⧟াāϟিāĻ•ে āϝে āϜিāύিāϏāϟা āϏাāĻšাāϝ্āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻ›ে āϤা āĻšāϞ "āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻ…āĻ•্āώāϰ" ।

āϤাāχ āϤো :
āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāύে "āĻŦāϏা" āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻেāϰ āϏাāĻĨে "āĻŦ"
āĻāĻŦং āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤী⧟ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝে "āĻŦāϏা" āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻেāϰ āϏাāĻĨে "āĻ›"
āĻāĻŦং āϤৃāϤী⧟ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝে "āĻŦāϏা" āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻেāϰ āϏাāĻĨে "āĻ›িāϞাāĻŽ" āĻāχ āĻ…āĻ•্āώāϰāĻ—ুāϞো āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে ।
āĻāĻ–āύ āφāĻŽāϰা āϝāĻĻি āĻ•্āϰি⧟া āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻ…āϤিāϰিāĻ•্āϤ āĻ…āĻ•্āώāϰāĻ—ুāϞো āφāϞাāĻĻা āĻ•āϰাāϰ āύি⧟āĻŽ āϜেāύে āύেāχ āϤাāĻšāϞে āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻ•োāύ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āĻ•োāύ āĻ•াāϞে āĻĒ⧜েāĻ›ে , āϤা āĻŦেāϰ āĻ•āϰা āϏāĻšāϜ āĻšāĻŦে ।
āύি⧟āĻŽ āĻ—ুāϞো āϞāĻ•্āώ āĻ•āϰো :
•āĻ•োāύো āĻ•্āϰি⧟াāϰ āĻŽূāϞ āϝে āĻ•ā§Ÿāϟা āĻ…āĻ•্āώāϰ āφāĻ›ে āϤা āĻŦ্āϝāϤিāϤ āϏāĻŦ āĻ…āĻ•্āώāϰāχ ,āĻ…āϤিāϰিāĻ•্āϤ āĻ…āĻ•্āώāϰ (āϝেāĻŽāύ : “āĻŦāϏিāϤেāĻ›িāϞো” āĻāĻ–াāύে “āĻŦāϏা” āĻšāϞো āĻŽূāϞ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ, “āĻŦāϏা” āĻĨেāĻ•ে “āĻŦāϏিāϤেāĻ›িāϞো” āĻāϏেāĻ›ে )।āĻāχ āĻ…āϤিāϰিāĻ•্āϤ āĻ…āĻ•্āώāĻ—ুāϞোāχ āĻŽূāϞāϤ āĻŦāĻ•্āϝেāϰ āĻ•্āϰি⧟াāĻ•ে āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻ•াāϞে āύি⧟ে āϝা⧟। (āφāϰ āĻāχ āĻ•্āϰি⧟াāĻ•ে āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻ•াāϞে āύে⧟াāĻ•েāχ āϤো tense āĻŦāϞে । āĻ…āύ্āϝ āĻ•āĻĨা⧟ "āĻ•োāύো āĻ•াāϜ āϘāϟাāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻŦা āĻ•াāϞāĻ•ে tense āĻŦāϞে । āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻŦāϞāϤে āĻĒাāϰি āϝে tense āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻ…āĻ•্āώāϰāχ āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āĻ­ুāĻŽিāĻ•া āϰাāĻ–ে ।)
āύিāϚেāϰ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāĻ—ুāϞো āϞāĻ•্āώ āĻ•āϰঃ (āĻ…āϤিāϰিāĻ•্āϤ āĻ…āĻ•্āώāϰāĻ—ুāϞোāĻ•ে āφāĻŽāϰা āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻ• āĻŦāϞāĻŦ)(āĻŽূāϞ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāϟা āĻšāϞ “āĻŦāϏা” āĻāĻŦং āĻŽূāϞ āĻ…āĻ•্āώāϰāĻ—ুāϞো āĻšāϞো “āĻŦ” āĻāĻŦং “āϏ” ।
                                   ā§§. āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύ
  • āφāĻŽি āĻŦāϏি ——————× (cross)(āĻ…āϤিāϰিāĻ•্āϤ āĻ…āĻ•্āώāϰ āύেāχ) 
  • āφāĻŽি āĻŦāϏিāϤেāĻ›ি –––––––– āϤ + āĻ›
  • āφāĻŽি āĻŦāϏি⧟াāĻ›ি ---------⧟ + āĻ›                        
    ⧍.āĻ…āϤিāϤ 
  • āφāĻŽি āĻŦāϏিāϞাāĻŽ——— āϞ (“āĻŽ” āϟা āĻāĻ–াāύে “āφāĻŽি” āĻĨাāĻ•াāϰ āĻ•াāϰāύে āĻāϏেāĻ›ে) 
  • *1 āφāĻŽি āĻŦāϏিāϤে āĻ›িāϞাāĻŽ— āϤ + āϞ (“āĻŽ” āϟা āĻāĻ–াāύে “āφāĻŽি” āĻĨাāĻ•াāϰ āĻ•াāϰāύে āĻāϏেāĻ›ে)
  • *1 āφāĻŽি āĻŦāϏি⧟া āĻ›িāϞাāĻŽ—--------- ⧟ + āϞ (“āĻŽ” āϟা āĻāĻ–াāύে “āφāĻŽি”āĻĨাāĻ•াāϰ āĻ•াāϰāύে āĻāϏেāĻ›ে)
    (*1āϚিāĻš্āύিāϤ )āωāϭ⧟ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝে āĻ…āϤিāϰিāĻ•্āϤ āĻ…āĻ•্āώāϰāĻ—ুāϞো āϝāĻĨাāĻ•্āϰāĻŽে āϤ,āĻ›,āϞ,āĻŽ āĻāĻŦং ⧟,āĻ›,āϞ,āĻŽ । “āĻŽ”āĻŦাāĻĻ āϝাāĻŦে āϝেāĻšেāϤু āϤা āφāĻŽি āĻĨাāĻ•াāϰ āĻ•াāϰāύে āĻāϏেāĻ›ে । āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻ• āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āφāĻŽāϰা āϐ āĻ…āĻ•্āώāϰāĻ—ুāϞো āύিāĻŦ āϝা āĻ…āϤিāϰিāĻ•্āϤ āĻ…āĻ•্āώāϰāĻ—ুāϞোāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ“ āĻļেāώে āĻĨাāĻ•āĻŦে । āϤাāĻšāϞে āφāĻŽāϰা āϤ,āĻ›,āϞ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϤ āĻ“ āϞ āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻŦং ⧟,āĻ›,āϞ āĻĨেāĻ•ে ⧟ āĻ“ āϞ āύিāϞাāĻŽ।
    ā§Š.āĻ­āĻŦিāϏ্āϝāϤ
  • āφāĻŽি āĻŦāϏāĻŦো—————– ---------āĻŦ 
  • *⧍ āφāĻŽি āĻŦāϏিāϤে āĻĨাāĻ•āĻŦ——— āϤ + āĻŦ 
  • *⧍ āφāĻŽি āĻŦāϏি⧟া āĻĨাāĻ•āĻŦ——-— ⧟ + āĻŦ
    (*⧍āϚিāĻš্āύিāϤ)=āωāϭ⧟ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝে āĻ…āϤিāϰিāĻ•্āϤ āĻ…āĻ•্āώāϰ āϤ,āĻĨ,āĻ•,āĻŦ āĻāĻŦং ⧟,āĻĨ,āĻ•,āĻŦ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻ• āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āφāĻŽāϰা āϐ āĻ…āĻ•্āώāϰāĻ—ুāϞো āύিāĻŦো āϝা āĻ…āϤিāϰিāĻ•্āϤ āĻ…āĻ•্āώāϰāĻ—ুāϞোāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ“ āĻļেāώে āĻĨাāĻ•ে ( āφāĻ—েāϰ āύি⧟āĻŽেāχ ) । āĻŽাāĻে āĻ•ি āφāĻ›ে āύা āφāĻ›ে , āĻĻেāĻ–াāϰ āĻĒ্āϰ⧟োāϜāύ āύেāχ । 
āĻĨাāĻšāϞে āφāĻŽāϰা āĻŽোāϟ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻ• āĻĒেāϞাāĻŽ ( x + āϤ + āĻ› + ⧟ + āĻ› ) āĻāĻŦং ( āϞ + āϤ + āϞ + ⧟ + āϞ ) āĻāĻŦং ( āĻŦ + āϤ + āĻŦ + ⧟ + āĻŦ ) āĻāĻ–āύ āφāĻŽāϰা āĻ—াāύিāϤিāĻ• āύি⧟āĻŽে āĻŦুāĻাāϰ āϚেāϏ্āϟা āĻ•āϰāĻŦ : { āϝাāϰা āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒাāĻĻāĻ•ে āĻĻুāĻŦāϰ্āϞ āϤাāϰা āĻāϟāĻĒāϟ āĻ…āύুāĻļীāϞāύী ā§Š.ā§Š , ā§Š.ā§Ē , ā§Š.ā§Ģ (āύāĻŦāĻŽ āĻ“ āĻĻāĻļāĻŽāĻļ্āϰেāύীāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ) āĻĻেāĻ–ে āύাāĻ“ }
  • =(āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ…ংāĻļেāϰ āĻ…āϤিāϰিāĻ•্āϤ āĻ…āĻ•্āώāϰ ) (āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤী⧟ āĻ…ংāĻļেāϰ āĻ…āϤিāϰিāĻ•্āϤ āĻ…āĻ•্āώāϰ ) (āϤৃāϤী⧟ āĻ…ংāĻļেāϰ āĻ…āϤিāϰিāĻ•্āϤ āĻ…āĻ•্āώāϰ)
    ={X (CROSS)āĻ…āĻ™্āĻ•āϰ āϏুāĻŦিāϧাāϰ্āϤে āĻŦাāĻĻ āĻĻে⧟া āĻšāϞ}(āϤ.āĻ› + ⧟.āĻ›) x (āϞ + āϤ.āϞ + ⧟.āϞ ) x (āĻŦ + āϤ.āĻŦ +⧟.āĻŦ)
    ={ āĻ› ( āϤ + ⧟ )} x {āϞ (āϤ + ⧟ )} x {āĻŦ (āϤ + ⧟ )}
    = ( āϤ + ⧟ ) (āĻ› x āϞ x āĻŦ)
    = āϤ x ⧟ x āĻ› x āϞ x āĻŦ

    (āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ• āĻŦা Symbol) 
āĻĻেāĻ–āϞে !
Tense-āĻ“ āĻ•ি āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰ āĻ—াāύিāϤিāĻ• āύি⧟āĻŽ āĻŽেāύে āϚāϞে !āĻĒāύেāϰোāϟা āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ• āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻāĻ–āύ āĻŽাāϤ্āϰ āĻĒাঁāϚāϟা । (CROSS) × āϏāĻš āĻŽোāϟ āĻ›ā§Ÿāϟা ।
āĻ…āĻŦāĻļ্āϝāχ āĻŽুāĻ–āϏ্āϤ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে āϝে :                       
  • × (cross) āĻāĻŦং “āĻ›” āĻšāϞে āĻŦুāĻাāϤে āĻšāĻŦে āϝে āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟা present tense-āĻāϰ । 
  • “āϞ” āĻšāϞে āĻŦুāĻাāϤে āĻšāĻŦে āϝে āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟা past tense-āĻāϰ । 
  • “āĻŦ” āĻšāϞে āĻŦুāĻাāϤে āĻšāĻŦে āϝে āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟা future tense-āĻāϰ ।
  • “āϤ” āĻšāϞে āĻŦুāĻাāϤে āĻšāĻŦে āϝে āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟা continuous tense-āĻāϰ ।
  • “⧟” āĻšāϞে āĻŦুāĻাāϤে āĻšāĻŦে āϝে āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟা perfect tense-āĻāϰ।
āϤাāĻšāϞে :
  • āϏে āĻŦāϏে ————--- x= present
  • āϏে āĻŦāϏিāϤেāĻ›ে——— āϤ + āĻ›                                                  
                                  āϤ = continuous                                                    
                                  āĻ› = present                           
                                āĻ…āϤāĻāĻŦ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟা present continuous-āĻāϰ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ ।
  • āϏে āĻŦāϏি⧟াāĻ›ে———— ⧟+āĻ›                              
                                    ⧟ = perfect
                                    āĻ› = present
                                   āĻ…āϤāĻāĻŦ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟা present perfect-āĻāϰ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ ।
  • āϏে āĻŦāϏিāϞ ------ āϞ
    āϞ = past
  • āϏে āĻŦāϏিāϤেāĻ›িāϞ --āϤ + āϞ          
                                         āϤ = continuous
                                         āϞ = past
                                         āĻ…āϤāĻāĻŦ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟা past continuous-āĻāϰ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ ।
  • āϏে āĻŦāϏি⧟াāĻ›িāϞ— ⧟ + āϞ
    ⧟ = perfect
    āϞ = past
    āĻ…āϤāĻāĻŦ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟা past perfect-āĻāϰ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ ।
  • āϏে āĻŦāϏিāĻŦে—————āĻŦ
                                                 āĻŦ = future
  • āϏে āĻŦāϏিāϤে āĻĨাāĻ•িāĻŦে —— āϤ + āĻŦ
    āϤ = continuous
    āĻŦ =future
    āĻ…āϤāĻāĻŦ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟা future continuous-āĻāϰ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ ।
  • āϏে āĻŦāϏি⧟া āĻĨাāĻ•āĻŦে–––– ⧟ + āĻŦ             
                                                       ⧟ = perfect
                                                      āĻŦ = future
                                                      āĻ…āϤāĻāĻŦ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟা future perfect-āĻāϰ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ ।
  • āĻāĻ–াāύে āĻāĻ•āϟা āϜিāύিāϏ āϞāĻ•্āώো āĻ•āϰেāĻ›ো !
    • āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āϏāĻŦāĻ—ুāϞো āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āϏাāϧু āĻ­াāώাāϰ । āĻ•াāϰāύ āϏাāϧু āĻ­াāώাāϰ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāĻ—ুāϞো āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•āϰāύেāϰ āϏāĻŦ āύি⧟āĻŽ āĻŽেāύে āϚāϞে । āĻ•āĻĨ্āϝ āĻ­াāώাāϰ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāĻ—ুāϞো āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•āϰāύেāϰ āϏāĻŦ āύি⧟āĻŽ āĻŽেāύে āϚāϞে āύা ।
  •  • āϝাāĻĻেāϰ tense āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ে āĻšাāϞāĻ•া āϧাāϰāύা āφāĻ›ে ,āϤাāϰা āϞāĻ•্āώ āĻ•āϰেāĻ› āϝে tense āĻŽূāϞāϤ āĻŦাāϰো āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāϰ āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻāĻ–াāύে āφāϞোāϚāύা āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে āĻŽাāϤ্āϰ āύ⧟ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāϰেāϰ । āĻ•াāϰāύ āĻŦাāĻ•ি āϤিāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāϰ tense, āĻāχāĻ—ুāϞো āĻŦুāĻāϞে āϏāĻšāϜ ।āϤাāχ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽে āĻāĻ—ুāϞো āĻŦুāĻে,āĻĒāϰে āϐāĻ—ুāϞো āĻŦিāĻāĻŦো।
    āĻ…āύুāĻļীāϞāύীঃ
    āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻāĻ–āύ āĻŦāϞোāϤো āύিāϚেāϰ āĻ•োāύāϟা āĻ•োāύ tense-āĻāϰ āĻāĻŦং āĻ•োāύāϟা⧟ āĻ•োāύ symbol āφāĻ›ে ?
    1.āϤুāĻŽি āĻŦāϏিāϤে āĻĨাāĻ•িāĻŦে _future continuous
    2.āϤুāĻŽি āϏ্āĻ•ুāϞে āϝাāχāĻŦে ___________________
    3.āϏে āϏ্āĻ•ুāϞে āĻ—ি⧟াāĻ›িāϞ —————————–
    4.āφāĻŽি āϏ্āĻ•ুāϞে āĻ—ি⧟াāĻ›ি —————————
    5.āϏে āĻŦāϏে –––––––––––––––––––––––––
    6.āϤুāĻŽি āϞেāĻ– ––––––––––––––––––––––––
    7.āϤাāϰা āϞিāĻ–িāϤেāĻ›িāϞ –––––––––––––––––––
    8.āφāĻŽি āϞিāĻ–িāϤেāĻ›ি ––––––––––––––––––––
    9.āϤোāĻŽāϰা āϞিāĻ–িāϤে āĻĨাāĻ•িāĻŦে ––––––––––––––
    10.āϏে āϞিāĻ–িāĻŦে –––––––––––––––––––––––
    āĻāĻ–āύ āύিāϚেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻ•āĻ—ুāϞো āĻĻি⧟ে āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āĻŦাāύাāĻ“
     āĻŦ = āϏে āϝাāĻŦে /āĻ–াāĻŦে /āĻŦāϏāĻŦে āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি
     āϤ + āĻŦ = ––––––––––––––––
     āϞ = –––––––––––––––––––
     āϤ + āϞ = –––––––––––––––––
     āϤ + āĻ› = –––––––––––––––––
     ā§Ÿ + āĻ›= –––––––––––––––––
    × = ––––––––––––––––––––
     ā§Ÿ + āϞ = –––––––––––––––––
    × = ––––––––––––––––––––
    āϤোāĻŽāϰা āύিāϜে āύিāϜে āφāϰো āĻŦেāĻļী āĻ…āύুāĻļীāϞāύ āĻ•āϰāĻŦে । 
                                                                                                      āϏāϤāϰ্āĻ•āϤা :
  • - “ āϏে āϝা⧟ ” āĻāχ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝে āĻ…āϤিāϰিāĻ•্āϤ āĻ…āĻ•্āώāϰ āĻ•োāύāϟা ?
    - (āĻĒাāĻ āĻ•েāϰ āωāϤ্āϤāϰ) āĻāĻ–াāύে āĻ…āϤিāϰিāĻ•্āϤ āĻ…āĻ•্āώāϰ “⧟” āϝা perfect āĻŦুāĻাāϚ্āĻ›ে ।
    - āύাāĻš , āĻšāϞো āύা ।āĻāĻ–াāύ āĻ•োāύো āĻ…āϤিāϰিāĻ•্āϤ āĻ…āĻ•্āώāϰ āύেāχ।
    āϝে “⧟” āϤুāĻŽি āĻāĻ–াāύে āĻĻেāĻ–āϤে āĻĒাāϚ্āĻ›ো āϤা āφāϏāϞে “ āϝাāĻ“ā§Ÿা ” āĻāχ verb-āĻāϰ āĻŽূāϞ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻেāϰ āĻŽূāϞ āĻ…āĻ•্āώāϰ । “ āϝাāĻ“ā§Ÿা ” āĻĻি⧟ে perfect āĻŦুāĻাāύোāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ “āϝাāĻ‡ā§ŸাāĻ›ে” , “āϝাāĻ‡ā§ŸাāĻ›িāϞ” , “āϝাāĻ‡ā§Ÿা āĻĨেāĻ•িāĻŦে” āĻšāĻŦে । “āϝাāĻ“ā§Ÿা” , “āĻ–াāĻ“ā§Ÿা” , “āĻļোāĻ“ā§Ÿা” āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি āĻŽূāϞ āĻ•্āϰি⧟া āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϝে “ āϝা⧟ ”, “ āĻ–া⧟ ”, “ āĻļো⧟ ” āĻ•্āϰি⧟া āĻŦা verb āĻŦেāϰ āĻšā§Ÿ āϤাāϰ “ ⧟ ”-āϟা āĻŽূāϞ verb-āĻāϰ āĻŽূāϞ āĻ…āĻ•্āώāϰ । perfect-āĻāϰ “⧟” āύ⧟ । āĻ•াāϰāύ āϤুāĻŽি āϤো “āϝা⧟”-āĻ•ে “ āϝাāĻ“ā§Ÿা⧟ে ” āĻŦা “ āĻ–াāĻ“ā§Ÿা ” āĻ•ে “ āĻ–াāĻ“ā§Ÿা⧟ে ” āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦা “ āϝাāĻ“ā§Ÿা + ⧟াāĻ›ে ” āĻŦা “āϝাāĻ“ā§Ÿা + ⧟াāĻ›িāϞ” āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি āĻŦāϞāϤে āĻĒাāϰāĻŦেāύা । āφāϏāϞে āĻŽূāϞ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻšāϞো āĻŦাংāϞা⧟ āĻ•āύো āĻŽূāϞ āĻ•্āϰি⧟াāϰ āĻļেāώে “āĻ“ā§Ÿা” āĻĨাāĻ•āϞে āφāĻŽāϰা āϏাāϧাāϰāύāϤ āĻāĻ­াāĻŦেāχ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰে āĻĨাāĻ•ি । āĻāϟাāϰ āĻ•োāύো āĻ•াāϰāύ āφāĻŽাāϰ āĻ•াāĻ›ে āύাāχ । āϝেāĻŽāύ : āĻ–াāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻ–া⧟ , āĻ–াāχ , āĻ–াāĻ‡ā§ŸাāĻ›ি । āϝাāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϝা⧟ , āϝাāχ , āϝাāĻ‡ā§ŸাāĻ›ি āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি āĻšāĻŦে । āĻ–া⧟ , āϝা⧟ , āĻļো⧟ āĻāϰ “⧟” āĻĻেāĻ–ে perfect-āĻāϰ “⧟” āĻŽāύে āĻ•āϰāĻŦে āύা । (āĻ…āϧিāĻ• āĻ…āύিāĻļীāϞāύেāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āĻāĻ—ুāϞো āĻ িāĻ• āĻšā§Ÿে āϝাāĻŦে )
 -āφāϚ্āĻ›া ! āĻŦāϞোāϤো “ āφāĻŽি āĻ­াāϤ āĻ–াāϚ্āĻ›ি ” āĻāϟা āĻ•োāύ tense ?
-(āĻĒাāĻ āĻ•েāϰ āωāϤ্āϤāϰ) āĻāϟা present tense ।
-āĻš্āϝাঁ , āϤুāĻŽি “āĻ›” āĻĻেāĻ–েāχ present āĻŦāϞে āĻĢেāϞেāĻ›ো , āϤাāχ āύা !
āφāϏāϞে āĻŦিāώ⧟āϟা āĻāĻŽāύ āύা , āφāĻŽāϰা āϝāϤ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāύ āĻĻি⧟েāĻ›ি āϤা āφāϏāϞে āϏাāϧু āϰীāϤিāϤে āĻ›িāϞ āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻāχ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟা āĻ•āĻĨ্āϝ āϰীāϤিāϤে āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে । āĻāχ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟা āϏাāϧু āĻ­াāώা⧟ āύিāϞে āĻ•ি āĻšāĻŦে ?
- (āĻĒাāĻ āĻ•েāϰ āωāϤ্āϤāϰ ) “āφāĻŽি āĻ­াāϤ āĻ–াāχāϤেāĻ›ি” ।
- āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻāĻ–āύ āĻŦāϞোāϤো āĻāϟা āĻ•োāύ tense ?
- (āĻĒাāĻ āĻ•েāϰ āωāϤ্āϤāϰ ) present continuous tense ।
-āφāϏāϞে āĻ•ি āϜাāύো,āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻāχ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻ•āĻ—ুāϞো āύিāĻ–ুঁāϤ āĻ­াāĻŦে āϏাāϧু āϰীāϤিāϤেāχ āĻĒাāĻ“ā§Ÿা āϝা⧟ । āϤাāχ tense āϚেāύাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻ•āĻĨ্āϝ āϰীāϤিāϰ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāĻ•ে āϏাāϧু āϰীāϤিāϤে āφāύāϤে āĻšāĻŦে ।
āύিāϚে āĻ•ā§ŸেāĻ•āϟি āĻĻেāĻ–াāύো āĻšāϞঃ
o āĻŦāϏেāĻ›ি āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŦāϏি⧟াāĻ›ি
o āĻŦāϏāĻ›ি āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŦāϏিāϤেāĻ›ি
o āĻŦāϏāĻ›িāϞ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŦāϏিāϤেāĻ›িāϞ
o āĻŦāϏেāĻ›িāϞ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŦāϏি⧟াāĻ›িāϞ
o āĻŦāϏে āĻĨাāĻ•āĻŦে āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŦāϏি⧟া āĻĨাāĻ•āĻŦে
(āĻ…āύ্āϝ tense-āĻāϰ āĻ•্āϰি⧟াāĻ—ুāϞোāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻ…āĻŦāĻļ্āϝ āϏাāϧু-āϚāϞāϤি āωāϭ⧟ āϰীāϤিāϤে āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻ•āĻ—ুāϞো āύিāĻ–ুঁāϤ āĻ­াāĻŦে āĻĒাāĻ“ā§Ÿা āϜা⧟ । āϤাāχ āϐāĻ—ুāϞো āĻĻেāĻ–াāύো āĻšāϞো āύা।
  “ āϏে āϘুāϰāϤে āϝাāĻŦে ” āĻāχ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝে “āϤ” āĻāĻŦং “āĻŦ” āφāĻ›ে । āϤাāχ āĻŦāϞে āĻāϟা future continuous tense-āĻāϰ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āύা । āĻāĻ–াāύে “āϘুāϰāϤে”-āĻāϰ “āϤ”-āϟা “āϜāύ্āϝ” āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨে , continuous-āĻāϰ “āϤ” āύা । āĻāϟা symbol-āĻāϰ āĻ…ংāĻļ āύা । “āĻŦ”-āϟা āĻ…āĻŦāĻļ্āϝ symbol-āĻāϰ āĻ…ংāĻļ । “āĻŦ”-āĻāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ “will” āĻšāĻŦে ।
āĻāχ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝেāϰ āχংāϞিāĻļ āĻšāĻŦে “ He will go for wandering ”
English to Bangla :
āĻāϤāĻ•্āώāĻŖ āφāĻŽāϰা āĻŦাংāϞা⧟ āĻ•োāύ্ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āĻ•োāύ্ tense-āĻ āĻĒ⧜ে āϤা āĻŦুāĻāϞাāĻŽ , āĻāĻ–āύ āφāĻŽāϰা āĻŦুāĻāĻŦো , english āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āĻĻেāĻ–ে āĻ•িāĻ­াāĻŦে tense āϚেāύা āϝা⧟ ।
āĻŽূāϞ āφāϞোāϚāύা⧟ āϝাāĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰ āφāĻ—ে āφāĻŽāϰা āĻ•ā§ŸেāĻ•āϟি āĻŦিāώ⧟ āϜেāύে āύেāχ :  
āϝে āĻ•োāύো verb-āĻāϰ āĻ•ā§ŸেāĻ•āϟা āϰূāĻĒ āĻĨাāĻ•ে ।
āĻāĻ—ুāϞো āĻšāϞো :
o Present āϰূāĻĒ
o Past āϰূāĻĒ
o Past participle (P.P) āϰূāĻĒ
o –ing āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āϰূāĻĒ
o Base form āĻŽুāϞ āϰূāĻĒ
Base form              Present form        Past form              P.P form            -ing form
 Be                               Am/is/are               Was/were              Been                       Being
Have                          Have/has                 Had                          Had                          Having   
Do                                Do                                Did                            Done                      Doing
Go                               Go                               Went                         gone                       going
āĻāĻ•āϟু āϞāĻ•্āώো āĻ•āϰāϞে āĻĻেāĻ–āϤে āĻĒাāĻŦে āϝে āĻļুāϧুāĻŽাāϤ্āϰ “Be” āĻāĻŦং “Have” āĻāχ āĻĻুāχ verb-āĻāϰ base form-āĻāϰ āϏাāĻĨে present form-āĻāϰ āĻŽিāϞ āύেāχ āĻŦাāĻ•ি āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ verb-āĻāϰ āĻŽিāϞ āϰ⧟েāĻ›ে । āϤাāχ āĻ…āύেāĻ•েāχ present form-āĻ•ে base form āĻŦāϞেāύ । āφāĻŽāϰা āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āϏুāĻŦিāϧাāϰ্āϤে base form āĻāĻŦং present form āφāϞাāĻĻা āφāϞাāĻĻা āĻ•āϰে āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ– āĻ•āϰāĻŦ ।
āĻ•ā§ŸেāĻ•āϟি āύি⧟āĻŽ āϞāĻ•্āώো āĻ•āϰো :
  • “ To be verb ” āĻŦāϞāϤে am , is , are , was , were , been āĻāĻŦং “ to have verb” āĻŦāϞāϤে have , has , had āϏāĻŦāϟাāĻ•ে āĻŦুāĻাāύো āĻšā§Ÿ ।  Have āĻāχ base form-āĻāϰ present form āĻšāϞো have āĻāĻŦং has । āĻāĻ–āύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύ āĻšāϞো “ āĻ•āĻ–āύ āĻ•োāύāϟা āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻšāĻŦে ? ” āĻāϰ āωāϤ্āϤāϰ āĻšāϞো āϏāĻŦ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে have āĻāĻŦং he , she , it āĻŦা āϝে āĻ•োāύ āύাāĻŽেāϰ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে has āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻšāĻŦে (āφāĻŽি 3rd person singular number āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ āϜāϤিāϞ āĻŦিāώ⧟ে āϝাāχāύি )।
āϝেāĻŽāύঃ
He / Rayhan has written
She / Bushra has written
It / The bird has flown (āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি) 
  • He , she , it āĻŦা āϝে āĻ•োāύ āύাāĻŽেāϰ āĻĒāϰ āϝāĻĻি verb-āĻāϰ present form āĻšā§Ÿ āϤāĻŦে āϐ verb-āĻāϰ āĻļেāώে “s” āĻŦা “es’ āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻšāĻŦে । āϏāĻŦ verb-āĻāϰ āĻļেāώে “s” āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āϝāĻĻি verb-āϟিāϰ āĻļেāώে s, ss, sh, ch, x, o āĻĨাāĻ•ে āϤাāĻšāϞে “es” āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻšāĻŦে । āφāϰেāĻ•āϟা āĻŦ্āϝāϤিāĻ•্āϰāϧāϰ্āĻŽী āύি⧟āĻŽ āφāĻ›ে । āϤা āĻāĻ–āύ āύা āĻšā§Ÿ āĻŦাāĻĻিāχ āĻĻি⧟া āĻĻিāϞাāĻŽ । āύাāĻš্ ! āĻŦāϞāĻ›ি āϝāĻ–āύ āĻŦāϞেāχ āĻĢেāϞি । Verb-āĻāϰ āĻļেāώে āϝāĻĻি “y” āĻĨাāĻ•ে āĻāĻŦং āĻāχ “y”-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে consonant letter (a,e,i,o,u āĻ›া⧜া āϏāĻŦ āĻšāϞো consonant letter । a , e , i , o , u āĻšāϞো vowel ) āĻĨাāĻ•ে āϤāĻŦে ‘y’ āωāĻ ে āĻ—ি⧟ে ‘ies’ āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻšāĻŦে ।
āϝেāĻŽāύঃ
He / Shimul  cries   (āĻŽুāϞ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ cry)

She / Salwa  fries  (āĻŽুāϞ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ fry)
āĻ•িāύ্āϤু “y”-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে vowel āĻĨাāĻ•āϞে āϏাāĻŦাāĻ­াāĻŦিāĻ• āύি⧟āĻŽেāχ ‘s’ āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻšāĻŦে ।
āϝেāĻŽāύঃ
He / Hakim plays
She / Salwa says 
Be āĻāχ base form-āĻāϰ present form āϤিāύāϟা āĻāĻŦং past form āĻĻুāχāϟা ।
āĻāĻ–āύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύ āĻšāϞো āĻ•োāύāϟা āĻ•āĻ–āύ āĻ•āĻĨা⧟ āĻŦ্āϝেāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻšāĻŦে ?
āϤাāχ āύা !
  • present form-āĻāϰ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āφāĻŽāϰা āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§Ÿ “are” āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ । āĻļুāϧু “I”-āĻāϰ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে “am” āĻāĻŦং he / she / it āĻŦা āĻ•োāύো āύাāĻŽেāϰ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে “is” āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ (āφāĻŽি 3rd person singular number āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ āϜāϤিāϞ āĻŦিāώ⧟ে āϝাāχāύি )।
āϝেāĻŽāύঃ
I am going
He / she / it / faizul / zuhra is going
We / you / they are going
āĻāχ āϤো āĻ—েāϞো present form-āĻāϰ āϤিāύāϟাāϰ āĻ•āĻĨা ।
  • āĻāĻ–āύ āφāϏো “Be”-āĻāϰ past form-āĻāϰ āĻĻুāχāϟাāϰ āĻ•āĻĨা⧟ । āĻāĻ• āĻŦāϚāύেāϰ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে was āĻāĻŦং āĻŦāĻšুāĻŦāϚāύেāϰ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে were āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻŦো । ( you-āĻāϰ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āϏāĻŦ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ were āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻšāĻŦে । āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ you-āĻāϰ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ āϝা, āĻŦāĻšুāĻŦāϚāύ āϤা । )
He / she / I was going
They / you were going ( you= āϤুāĻŽি āĻŦা āϤুāĻŽāϰা ) 
  • Verb-āĻāϰ P.P form-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে āĻ…āĻŦāĻļ্āϝāχ āĻāĻ•āϟা to have verb āĻŦāϏে ।
āϝেāĻŽāύঃ
I had gone I will have been going to . . . . . . .
  • -Ing āϝুāĻ•্āϤ verb-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে āĻ…āĻŦāĻļ্āϝāχ āĻāĻ•āϟা to be verb āĻŦāϏে ।
āϝেāĻŽāύঃ I am going I will have been going to . . . . . . . . . 
  • will-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļ্āϝāχ verb-āĻāϰ base form āĻŦāϏে ।
āϝেāĻŽāύI will go I will have been going to. . . . . . . . . . . . .

āĻāĻ–āύ āĻŽূāϞ āφāϞোāϚāύা⧟ āφāϏা āϝাāĻ• ।
āφāϏাāϰ āφāĻ—ে āĻŦāϞোāϤো
“ I will have been giong to. . .” āĻāχ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝে āĻ•ā§Ÿāϟা āύি⧟āĻŽ āĻĒ্āϰāϝোāϜ্āϝ ।
- āĻāĻ•āϟা .......āĻĻুāχāϟা ......āύাāĻš্ āϤিāύāϟা āύি⧟āĻŽ āĻĒ্āϰāϝোāϜ্āϝ ।
- I will haveā§§ been⧍ goingā§Š to ............
ā§§.āφāĻŽāϰা āϝাāύি will-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ verb-āĻāϰ base form āĻŦāϏে āϤাāχ will-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ have āĻāχ base form āĻŦāϏেāĻ›ে ।
⧍.āφāĻŽāϰা āϜাāύি P.P form-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে “to have verb” āĻŦāϏে । āϤাāχ been-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে have āĻŦāϏেāĻ›ে ।
ā§Š.āφāĻŽāϰা āϜাāύি -ing āϝুāĻ•্āϤ verb-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে “to be verb” āĻŦāϏে । āϤাāχ going-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে been āĻŦাāϏেāĻ›ে । ( āĻĻেāĻ–āϞে āĻāĻ•āχ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝে āĻ•িāĻ­াāĻŦে āϤিāύāϟা āύি⧟āĻŽ āĻĒ্āϰ⧟োāĻ— āĻšāϞ ) āωāĻĒāϰেāϰ āύিāĻ“āĻŽেāϰ āφāϞোāĻ•ে āĻŦāϞোāϤো āύিāϚেāϰ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāĻ—ুāϞো āϏāĻ িāĻ• āĻ•িāύা ? āϝāĻĻি āϏāĻ িāĻ• āύা āĻšā§Ÿ āϤāĻŦে āĻ•েāύ āϏāĻ িāĻ• āύা āĻāĻŦং āϏāĻ িāĻ• āĻšāϞে āĻ•েāĻŽāύ āĻšāĻŦে ?
• He will had been going .
•I will have been gone . (double āĻ•āύো āĻ•িāĻ›ুāχ āĻ­াāϞāύা । āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻāĻ–াāύে āĻĻুāϟো P.P form āĻāϏেāĻ›ে āϤুāĻŽি āϤা āĻļুāĻĻ্āϧ āĻ•āϰো )
• I have been going .
• I had been going .
• I had been gone .
• I have gone .
• I had gone.
• He has going .
• He has gone .
• They was going . (was āĻāĻŦং were-āĻāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻŽāύে āφāĻ›েāϤো)
• He go .
• I goes .
• They plays .
• She cries .
• We flies .
āĻāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻŦāύ্āϧুāĻĻেāϰ āϜিāϜ্āĻžেāϏ āĻ•āϰāĻŦে āĻāĻŦং āĻŦāύ্āϧুāϰাāĻ“ āϝেāύ āϤোāĻŽাāĻ•ে āϜিāϜ্āĻžেāϏ āĻ•āϰে । āĻ…āϧিāĻ• āĻ…āύুāĻļীāύāχ āϤোāĻŽাāϰ āωāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝে āϏāĻĢāϞ āĻšāϤে āϏাāĻšাāϝ্āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻŦে । āĻāĻ—ুāϞো āĻ­াāϞো āĻ­াāĻŦে āϰāĻĒ্āϤ āĻšāϞে right form of verb āϤোāĻŽাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āϏāĻšāϜ āĻšāĻŦে ।
āĻāĻ–āύ āĻāϏো āĻŽূāϞ āφāϞāϚāύা⧟ :
āĻ• āĻ…ংāĻļ
Shimul eats rice (s āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻšāĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰ āĻ•াāϰāύ āĻŽāύে āφāĻ›েāϤো !)                               
                                                         Shimul is eating rice
                                                        Shimul has eaten rice (has āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻšāĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰ āĻ•াāϰāύ āĻŽāύে āφāĻ›েāϤো !)
āĻ– āĻ…ংāĻļ
                                                         Shimul ate rice
                                                         Shimul was eating rice (āĻāĻ–াāύে āĻļিāĻŽুāϞেāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤে they āĻšāϞে āĻ•ী āĻšāĻŦে , āĻŦāϞোāϤো!)
                                                         Shimul had eaten rice
āĻ— āĻ…ংāĻļ
                                                          Shimul will eat rice
                                                         Shimul will be eating rice
                                                         Shimul will have eaten rice (āύাāĻŽেāϰ āĻĒāϰ has āĻŦāϏে āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻāĻ–াāύে have āĻ•েāύ āĻŦāϏāϞো ?) āĻāχ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāύāĻ—ুāϞোāϤে āĻļিāĻŽুāϞেāϰ āĻ­াāϤ āĻ–াāĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰ āĻ•াāϜāϟা āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻ•াāϞে āύি⧟ে āĻ—ি⧟েāĻ›ে āĻ•োāύ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāϟা ?
“eat” āĻāĻŦং āϤাāϰ āφāĻ—ে āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ āĻ•িāĻ›ু auxiliary verb
āĻ• āĻ…ংāĻļেāϰ
āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāύে auxiliary verb āύাāχ , āϤাāχ eat āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž āĻŽূāϞ verb-āĻāϰ form-āϟাāχ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝেāϰ tense āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻĻা⧟ী ।
āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤী⧟ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāύে to be verb-āĻāϰ present form āĻāĻŦং āĻŽূāϞ verb-āĻāϰ ing form-āϟা āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝেāϰ tense āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻĻা⧟ী। 
āϤৃāϤী⧟ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāύে to have verb-āĻāϰ present form āĻāĻŦং āĻŽূāϞ verb-āĻāϰ P.P form-āϟাāχ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝেāϰ tense āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻĻা⧟ী ।
noteā§§: (auxiliary verbāĻ—ুāϞো āĻšāϞো am , is , are , was , were , been , have , has , had , shall , should , will , would , can , could , may,might, do did ,done , need , ought , must , dare , āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি । (āĻĻাāĻ— āĻĻে⧟া āĻ…ংāĻļāĻ—ুāϞো āĻāĻ• āϏুāϰে āĻĒ⧜āĻŦে)
āφāĻŦাāϰ
āĻ– āĻ…ংāĻļেāϰ
āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāύে auxiliary verb āύাāχ , āϤাāχ eat āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž āĻŽূāϞ verb-āĻāϰ form-āϟাāχ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝেāϰ tense āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻĻা⧟ী ।
āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤী⧟ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāύে to be verb-āĻāϰ past form āĻāĻŦং āĻŽূāϞ verb-āĻāϰ ing form-āϟা tense āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻĻা⧟ী ।
āϤৃāϤী⧟ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāύে to have verb-āĻāϰ past form āĻāĻŦং āĻŽূāϞ verb-āĻāϰ P.P form-āϟাāχ tense āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻĻা⧟ী ।
āĻ— āĻ…ংāĻļেāϰ
āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāύে will-āϟাāχ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝেāϰ tense āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻĻা⧟ী ।
āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤী⧟ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāύে will āĻāĻŦং āĻŽূāϞ verb-āĻāϰ ing form-āϟা tense āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻĻা⧟ী ।
āϤৃāϤী⧟ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāύে will āĻāĻŦং āĻŽূāϞ to have verb-āϟাāχ tense āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻĻা⧟ী । (āĻ•ী āĻ•ী āϜিāύিāϏ tense āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻĻা⧟ী āϤা āĻŽুāĻ–āϏ্āϤ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§Ÿ āύাāχ, āĻŦāϰং āĻāĻ—ুāϞো āĻŦুāĻাāϰ āϚেāώ্āϟা āĻ•āϰāĻŦে )
āĻāĻ–āύ āĻĒৃāĻĨāĻ• āĻĒৃāĻĨāĻ• āĻ­াāĻŦে āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϟি āĻ…ংāĻļ āϞāĻ•্āώো āĻ•āϰোঃ
āĻ• āĻ…ংāĻļ :
1. “shimul eats rice” āĻāĻ–াāύে “eat” āĻ•োāύ form-āĻ āφāĻ›ে ?’
- (āĻĒাāĻ āĻ•েāϰ āωāϤ্āϤāϰ) āĻ…āĻŦ্āϝāĻļāχ āϤা present āϰুāĻĒে āφāĻ›ে ।
- āĻš্āϝাঁ ,āϝāĻ–āύ verb-āĻāϰ āϰূāĻĒ present āϤāĻ–āύ āϤা present indifinit tense āĻŦা simple present tense । āφāĻŦাāϰ verb-āĻāϰ āϰূāĻĒ āϝāĻĻি past āĻšā§Ÿ āϤāĻ–āύ āϤা past indifinit tense āĻŦা simple past tense ।
2. shimul is eating rice āĻāĻ–াāύে eat-āĻāϰ āĻ•োāύ form ?
- (āĻĒাāĻ āĻ•েāϰ āωāϤ্āϤāϰ) eat-āĻāϰ -ing āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āϰূāĻĒāϟা āĻŦāϏেāĻ›ে । - -ing āϝুāĻ•্āϤ verb-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে āϝে to be verb āĻŦāϏে āϤা āĻŽāύে āφāĻ›ে āϤো !
āĻāĻ–āύ āĻŦāϞোāϤো to be verb-āĻāϰ āĻ•োāύ form-āϟা āĻŦāϏেāĻ›ে ?
- (āĻĒাāĻ āĻ•েāϰ āωāϤ্āϤāϰ) to be verb-āĻāϰ present form, is āĻŦāϏেāĻ›ে ।
āĻš্āϝাঁ , āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āφāϰেāĻ•āϟা āĻ•āĻĨা āϝে āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§Ÿ āύি !
āĻ•ā§ŸেāĻ•āϟা āύি⧟āĻŽ āϞāĻ•্āώো āĻ•āϰঃ
• āĻŽূāϞ verb-āĻāϰ -ing form-āϟা āĻĻেāĻ–āϞেāχ āĻŦুāĻāĻŦে āϝে āϤা continuous tense । o -ing form-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে āĻ…āĻŦāĻļ্āϝāχ āĻāĻ•āϟা to be verb āĻŦāϏāĻŦে। āĻāĻŦং āϐ to be verb-āĻāϰ āϰূāĻĒ āĻĻেāĻ–ে āĻŦāϞāϤে āĻšāĻŦে āϐ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āĻ•োāύ tense-āĻāϰ । āĻāĻ–āύ āϝāĻĻি āϐ to be verb-āĻāϰ āϰূāĻĒ āϟা present āĻšā§Ÿ āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟা present continuous tense-āĻāϰ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āφāϰ āϝāĻĻি āϐ to be verb-āĻāϰ āϰূāĻĒ āϟা past form-āĻāϰ āĻšā§Ÿ āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟা past continuous tense-āĻāϰ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ । (to be verb-āĻ—ুāϞো āĻŽুāϞāϤ āĻāĻ–াāύে auxiliary verb āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āφāĻ›ে । ) • Will āĻĻেāĻ–ে āĻŦুāĻāĻŦে āϝে āϤা future tense-āĻāϰ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ । ( āϤāĻŦে I āĻāϰ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে shall āĻŦ্āϝাāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻšāĻŦে,āφāĻŦাāϰ will āĻŦ্āϝাāĻŦāĻšাāϰāĻ“ āϚāϞāĻŦে )
• āĻŽূāϞ verb-āĻāϰ P.P form-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে to have verb āĻĨাāĻ•āϞে āĻŦুāĻāϤে āĻšāĻŦে āϝে āĻāϟা perfect tense-āĻāϰ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ । āĻāĻŦং āϐ to have verb-āĻāϰ āϰূāĻĒ āĻĻেāĻ–ে āĻŦāϞāϤে āĻšāĻŦে āϤা āĻ•োāύ tense-āĻāϰ perfect । āϝāĻĻি āϐ to have verb-āĻāϰ āϰূāĻĒ āϟা present āĻšā§Ÿ āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟা present perfect tense-āĻāϰ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āφāĻŦাāϰ āϝāĻĻি āϐ to have verb-āĻāϰ āϰূāĻĒ āϟা past form-āĻāϰ āĻšā§Ÿ āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟা past perfct tense-āĻāϰ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ ।
āĻŦাংāϞা āĻāĻŦং english-āĻāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āĻŽিāϞāĻ—ুāϞো āϞāĻ•্āώো āĻ•āϰো
• -ing = āϤ = continuous........
•Will = āĻŦ = future..............
• To have verb = ⧟ = perfect
• āĻŽূāϞ verb-āĻāϰ present āϰূāĻĒ = āĻ› / × = present...............
• āĻŽূāϞ verb-āĻāϰ past āϰূāĻĒ = āϞ = past...............
- āĻāĻ–āύ āĻŦāϞāϤ shimul is eating rice āĻāϟা āĻ•োāύ tense ?
- (āĻĒাāĻ āĻ•েāϰ āωāϤ্āϤāϰ) ing āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āϤাāχ āĻāϟা continuous tense ।
- āĻ•োāύ continuous ? present continuous tense āύাāĻ•ি past continuous tense āύাāĻ•ি future continuous tense ?
- (āĻĒাāĻ āĻ•েāϰ āωāϤ্āϤāϰ) present continuous tense , ing-āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āϰূāĻĒ āĻĻেāĻ–ে āĻŦāϞāϞাāĻŽ continuous āĻāĻŦং to be verb-āĻāϰ āϰূāĻĒ āĻĻেāĻ–ে āĻŦāϞāϞাāĻŽ āϤা present ।
- āĻāχ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝে is āĻ•েāύ āĻŦ্āϝেāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻšāϞো ? am āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦা are āĻŦ্āϝাāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰāϤāύা ? āĻ•াāϰāύāĻ—ুāϞো āĻŽāύে āφāĻ›ে āϤো !
āφāϚ্āĻ›া ! āĻŦāϞোāϤো shimul was eating rice āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟা āĻ•োāύ tense-āĻāϰ ?
- (āĻĒাāĻ āĻ•েāϰ āωāϤ্āϤāϰ) -ing āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āϤাāχ continuous āĻāĻŦং to be verb-āĻāϰ past form āϤাāχ āĻāϟা continuous । āϏুāϤāϰাং āĻāϟা past continuous tense ।
3. shimul has eaten rice āĻāĻ–াāύে eat-āĻāϰ āĻ•োāύ āϰূāĻĒ āĻŦāϏেāĻ›ে ।
-(āĻĒাāĻ āĻ•েāϰ āωāϤ্āϤāϰ) āĻāĻ–াāύে eat-āĻāϰ P.P form āĻŦāϏেāĻ›ে ।
- P.P form āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে to have verb āφāĻ›ে āϤাāχ, āĻŦুāĻāϤে āĻšāĻŦে āϝে āĻāϟা perfect tense-āĻāϰ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āĻāĻŦং āĻāχ to have verb-āĻāϰ āϰূāĻĒ āϟা present āϤাāχ āĻāϟা persent perfect tense । āϤাāĻšāϞে shimul had eaten rice āĻāϟা āĻ•োāύ tense ?
-āĻāϟা past perfect tense । āĻ•াāϰāύ to have verb āφāĻ›ে āϤাāχ āĻŦুāĻāϞাāĻŽ āϝে perfect āĻāĻŦং āϐ to have verb-āĻāϰ āϰূāĻĒ past āϤাāχ āĻŦুāĻāϞাāĻŽ past perfect tense ।
āĻ– āĻ…ংāĻļেāϰ
āφāϞāϚāύাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰ⧟োāϜāύ āύাāχ
āĻ— āĻ…ংāĻļ :
  1. Shimul will eat rice āĻāχ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟা āĻ•োāύ tense -āĻ āĻĒ⧜ে ?
-will āĻĻেāĻ–ে āĻŦāĻāϤে āĻšāĻŦে future tense āϤাāχ āĻāϟা future indifinite tense āĻŦা simple future tense । (will-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰে āϝে verb-āĻāϰ base form āĻŦāϏে , āϤা āĻŽāύে āφāĻ›ে āϤো ! )
2. Shimul will be eating rice-āĻāχ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟা āĻ•োāύ tense-āĻ āĻĒ⧜ে ?
-(āĻĒাāĻ āĻ•েāϰ āωāϤ্āϤāϰ) āĻāϟা future continuous tense । āĻ•াāϰāύ will āĻĻেāĻ–ে āĻŦুāĻāϞাāĻŽ āϝে āĻāϟা future āĻāĻŦং -ing form āĻĻেāĻ–ে āĻŦুāĻāϞাāĻŽ āϝে āĻāϟা continuous । -āϤুāĻŽি āĻ•ি āϞāĻ•্āώো āĻ•āϰেāĻ›, āϝে will-āĻāϰ āϭ⧟ে to be verb-āϟা āύ⧜া āϚ⧜া āύা āĻ•āϰে base form-āϟাāχ āĻŦāϏেāĻ›ে । (-ing āϝুāĻ•্āϤ verb -āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে āϝে to be verb āĻŦāϏে āϤা āĻŽāύে āφāĻ›ে āϤো ! )
3. Shimul will have eaten rice āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟা āĻ•োāύ tense-āĻāϰ ?
- (āĻĒাāĻ āĻ•েāϰ āωāϤ্āϤāϰ) āĻāϟা future perfect tense-āĻāϰ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ ।
- āĻ•িāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻŦুāĻāϞে ?
- ( āĻĒাāĻ āĻ•েāϰ āωāϤ্āϤāϰ ) will āĻĻেāĻ–ে āĻŦুāĻেāĻ›ি āϝে āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟা future tense āĻāĻŦং to have verb āĻĻেāĻ–ে āĻŦুāĻāϞাāĻŽ perfect tense.
- āφāϚ্āĻ›া! āφāĻŽāϰা āϜাāύি he / she / it āĻŦা āύাāĻŽেāϰ āĻĒāϰ has āĻŦāϏে āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻāĻ–াāύে shimul āĻāχ āύাāĻŽেāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻ•েāύ have āĻšāϞো ? āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύ āϜাāĻ—েāύা !? āφāϏāϞে āĻŦিāώ⧟āϟা āĻšāϞো āϝে will-āĻāϰ āĻļāĻ•্āϤি āĻŦেāĻļী āϤো āϤাāχ shimul āĻĨাāĻ•া āϏāϤ্āϤেāĻ“ has-āĻ•ে āφāϏāϤে āĻĻে⧟āύি । have-āχ āĻŦāϏেāĻ›ে । āϝেāĻšেāϤু āφāĻŽāϰা āϝাāύি āϝে will-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ verb-āĻāϰ base form āĻŦāϏে ।
āĻāχ āϤো tense āĻļেāώ !!
āĻļেāώ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āφāĻ—ে āύি⧟āĻŽāĻ—ুāϞো āĻāĻ• āύāϜāϰ āĻĻেāĻ–েāύেāχ ।
• āĻŽূāϞ verb-āĻāϰ -ing form-āϟা āĻĻেāĻ–āϞেāχ āĻŦুāĻāĻŦে āϝে āϤা continuous tense । āĻ•োāύ continuous ? āϤা āĻŦুāĻāϤে āĻšāĻŦে -ing āϝুāĻ•্āϤ verb-āϟিāϰ āφāĻ—ে āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ to be verb-āĻāϰ āϰূāĻĒ āĻĻেāĻ–ে । ( -ing āϝুāĻ•্āϤ verb-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻ…āĻŦāĻļ্āϝāχ to be verb āĻŦāϏে )
• Will āĻĻেāĻ–ে āĻŦুāĻāϤে āĻšāĻŦে āϝে āϤা future tense-āĻāϰ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ (will-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻ•িāύ্āϤু verb-āĻāϰ base form āĻŦāϏে )
• Have āĻĻেāĻ–ে āĻŦুāĻāϤে āĻšāĻŦে āϝে āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟা perfect tense-āĻāϰ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ । ( Verb-āĻāϰ P.P form-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে āĻ…āĻŦāĻļ্āϝāχ āĻāĻ•āϟা to have verb āĻŦāϏে )
• Verb-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে āĻ•োāύো to have verb āĻŦা to be verb āύা āĻšāϞে āϐ āĻŽূāϞ verb-āĻāϰ āϰূāĻĒ āĻĻেāĻ–ে āĻŦāϞāϤে āĻšāĻŦে āϝে āϤা āĻ•োāύ tense-āĻāϰ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ । (to be verb-āϟা āφāϏāϞে auxiliary verb । )
āύিāĻ“āĻŽāĻ—ুāϞো āĻŽāύে āϰেāĻ–ে āĻŦāϞোāϤো āύিāϚেāϰ āĻ•োāύāϟা āĻ•োāύ tense-āĻāϰ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ ।
1. He goes (es āĻŦা s āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻšāĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰ āĻ•াāϰāύ āĻŽāύে āφāĻ›েāϤো!)
2. I go .
3. I will go .
4. I am going .
5. He is going . (āĻāĻ•āχ tense āĻ•িāύ্āϤু am/is/are āĻšāĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰ āĻ•াāϰāύ āĻ•ী?)
6. They are going .
7. I was going .
8. You were going .
9. He will be going .
10. He will have done the work .
11. I had eaten .
12. I have eaten .
13. I went .
14. I will be going .
āĻ•ā§ŸেāĻ•āϜāύ āĻŦāύ্āϧু āĻŽিāϞে āĻāĻ—ুāϞো practice āĻ•āϰāĻŦে āĻ•াāϰāύ āϤুāĻŽি āϤো āϜাāύো practice makes a man perfect
( āĻŦāϞāϤো āĻāϟা āĻ•োāύ tense ? )
-āĻŦāϞো āϤো tense āĻ•ā§Ÿ āĻĒāĻ•াāϰ ?
-(āĻĒাāĻ āĻ•েāϰ āωāϤ্āϤāϰ) āϤিāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāϰ -āĻš্āϝাঁ āĻŽূāϞোāϤো āϤিāύ āĻĒāĻ•াāϰ ।
āϐ āϤিāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāϰেāĻ•ে āφāĻŦাāϰ āϚাāϰāϟা āϚাāϰāϟা āĻ•āϰে āĻŦাāϰāϟা āĻŦাāύাāύো āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে ।
āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž
* Present indefinite tense
* Present continuous tense
* Present perfect tense
Present perfect continuous tense
* Past indefinite tense
* Past continuous tense
Past perfect tense
Past perfect continuous tense
* Future indefinite tense
* Future continuous tense
Future perfect tense
Future perfect continuous tense
  • Note: * āϚিāĻš্āύিāϤ tense-āĻ—ুāϞো āĻ•āĻĨ্āϝ āĻ­াāώা⧟ āϏāĻŦāϚে⧟ে āĻŦেāĻļী āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ । āφāϚ্āĻ›া ! āĻŦāϞোāϤো āφāĻŽāϰা āĻ•ā§Ÿ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāϰেāϰ tense āφāϞোāϚāύা āĻ•āϰেāĻ›ি ? āĻŽাāϤ্āϰ āύ⧟ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāϰেāϰ । āϤাāχ āύা ! āĻ•াāϰāύ āĻŦাāĻ•ি āϤিāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāϰেāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ–ুāĻŦāχ āĻ•āĻŽ āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻ•āϟু āϜāϟিāϞ , āϝāĻĻিāĻ“ āĻāĻ–āύ āϤোāĻŽāϰা āĻŦুāĻāĻŦে । āĻāĻ–āύ āĻāĻ—ুāϞো āύি⧟ে āφāϞোāϚāύা āĻ•āϰāĻ›ি । 
 āĻŦাāĻ•ি āĻ›িāϞ āĻāχ tense-āĻ—ুāϞো
1. Present perfect continuous tense
2. Past perfect continuous tense
3. Future perfect continuous tense
āφāϚ্āĻ›া ! āĻāĻ–āύ āĻāĻ—ুāϞোāϰ āĻāĻ•েāĻ•āϟা āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āϞāĻ•্āώো āĻ•āϰো
1. I have been reading ..........( Present perfect continuous tense)
2. I had been reading.............( Past perfect continuous tense)
3. I will have been reading .......... (Future perfect continuous tense)
āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟা āϞāĻ•্āώো āĻ•āϰো:
I have been reading āϝেāĻšেāϤু continuous āϤাāχ verb-āĻāϰ āϏাāĻĨে -ing āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻšāĻŦে । āϤāĻ–āύ āĻšāĻŦে I reading । āφāĻŦাāϰ āϝেāĻšেāϤু perfect āϤাāχ to have verb āĻŦāϏāĻŦে । āĻāĻ–āύ āĻšāĻŦে I have/has/had reading (to have verb = have / has / had) । āφāĻŦাāϰ āϝেāĻšেāϤু present tense-āĻāϰ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āϤাāχ to have verb-āĻāϰ present āϰূāĻĒ āϟা āĻŦāϏেāĻ›ে । āĻāĻ–āύ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟা āĻšāĻŦে I have reading । āĻāχ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟা āϝāĻĻি āϏāĻ িāĻ• āĻšā§Ÿ āϤাāĻšāϞে āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻĒ⧜া āĻ•ো⧟েāĻ•āϟা āύি⧟āĻŽ āĻ­ুāϞ āĻšā§Ÿে āϝাāĻŦে ।
āύিāĻ“āĻŽāĻ—ুāϞো āĻšāϞো:
1. –ing āϝুāĻ•্āϤ verb-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে to be verb āĻŦāϏে । ( āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻāĻ–াāύে to be verb āύেāχ )
2. To have verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰে verb-āĻāϰ P.P form āĻŦāϏে ।(āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻāĻ–াāύে –ing form āφāĻ›ে)
āĻāĻ–āύ āφāĻŽাāĻ•ে āϏিāĻĻ্āϧাāύ্āϤ āύিāϤে āĻšāĻŦে āϝে, āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āĻ িāĻ• āϰেāĻ–ে āύি⧟āĻŽ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ । āύাāĻ•ি āύি⧟āĻŽ āĻ িāĻ• āϰেāĻ–ে āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ । āφāĻŽāĻĻেāϰ āύি⧟āĻŽ āĻ িāĻ• āϰেāĻ–ে āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে । āϤাāĻšāϞে āϚāϞো āφāĻŽāϰা āύি⧟āĻŽ āĻ…āύুāϝা⧟ী āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟা āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻ•āϰি । āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āύি⧟āĻŽāϟা āĻšāϞো -ing āϝুāĻ•্āϤ verb-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে to be verb āĻšā§Ÿ । (to be verb āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āĻ•ি āĻ•ি āĻŦুāĻাāύো āĻšā§Ÿ āϤা āĻŽāύে āφāϚ্āĻ›ে āϤো ! ) । āϏেāχ āĻ…āύুāϝা⧟ী āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟা āĻšāĻŦে I have am reading, āĻāĻ–াāύে am āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰা āĻ•ি āĻ িāĻ• āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে?
- ( āĻĒাāĻ āĻ•েāϰ āωāϤ্āϤāϰ ) āĻš্āϝাঁ, āĻ•াāϰāύ I-āĻāϰāĻāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϤো am āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻšā§Ÿ ।
- āϤা āĻ িāĻ• ,āĻ•িāύ্āϤু to have verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ āϝে verb-āĻāϰ P.P form āĻŦāϏে (āϤা āĻŽāύে āφāϚ্āĻ›ে āϤো ! ) āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟা āĻšāĻŦে I have been reading । ( have-āĻāϰ āĻļāĻ•্āϤি āĻŦেāĻļি āϤো āϤাāχ, am āĻ•ে āϏāϰি⧟ে āύিāϜেāϰ āύি⧟āĻŽāϟাāχ āĻ িāĻ• āϰেāĻ–েāĻ›ে ) ।
āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤী⧟ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ
āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤী⧟ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ে āĻāĻ•āχ āĻ•āĻĨা (to have verb-āĻāϰ past āϰূāĻĒ āĻŦāϏেāĻ›ে āϝেāĻšেāϤু āĻāϟা past perfect contiuous tense )
āϤৃāϤী⧟ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟা āϞāĻ•্āώো āĻ•āϰ:
“I will have been reading” āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟা āĻ•োāύ tense-āĻ āĻĒ⧜ে?
- ( āĻĒাāĻ āĻ•েāϰ āωāϤ্āϤāϰ ) future perfect continuous tense
- āĻŦুāĻāϞে āĻ•ি āĻ•āϰে ?
- (āĻĒাāĻ āĻ•েāϰ āωāϤ্āϤāϰ ) will āĻĻেāĻ–ে āĻŦুāĻāϞাāĻŽ future Have āĻĻেāĻ–ে āĻŦুāĻāϞাāĻŽ perfect -Ing āĻĻেāĻ–ে āĻŦুāĻāϞাāĻŽ continuous
- āĻāĻ–াāύে been āφāϏাāϰ āĻ•াāϰāύāϟা āĻāĻŦং to have verb-āĻāϰ base form, “have”-āϟা āφāϏাāϰ āĻ•াāϰāύāϟা āĻŽāύে āφāĻ›ে āϤো !
- (āĻĒাāĻ āĻ•েāϰ āωāϤ্āϤāϰ) āĻš্āϝাঁ, āĻŽāύে āφāĻ›ে !
Will-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ verb-āĻāϰ base form āĻŦāϏে āĻāĻŦং to have verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ verb-āĻāϰ P.P form āĻŦāϏে ।
āĻāχ āϤো tense āĻļেāώ ।
āĻāχ āύি⧟āĻŽāĻ—ুāϞো  āĻĒāϰে āφāϞোāϚāύা āĻ•āϰāϞাāĻŽ āĻ•াāϰāύ āĻāĻ—ুāϞোāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ–ুāĻŦāχ āĻ•āĻŽ । āĻāĻ—ুāϞো āĻļুāϰুāϤে āφāϞোāϚāύা āĻ•āϰāϞে āĻĒāϰে āĻ•āώ্āϟ āĻšā§Ÿে āϝেāϤ ।
āφāϚ্āĻ›া ! āφāϰেāĻ•āϟা āϜিāύিāϏ āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϞো āύা, āĻāχ āϤিāύāϟা tense-āĻāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿেāϰ āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ– āĻĨাāĻ•āĻŦে (āĻŦাংāϞা⧟ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻŦুāĻাāϤে “āϝাāĻŦāϤ” āĻŦা “āϧāϰে” āĻšāĻŦে । ‘āϝাāĻŦāϤ” āĻšāϞে for āĻāĻŦং “āĻšāχāϤে/āĻĨেāĻ•ে/āϧāϰে” āĻšāϞে since āĻšāĻŦে ) āĻāϤāĻ•্āώāύ āφāĻŽāϰা āχংāϞিāĻļ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻāχ tense-āĻ—ুāϞো āϚেāύাāϰ āωāĻĒা⧟ āϜাāύāϞাāĻŽ ।
āĻāĻ–āύ āφāĻŽāϰা āĻŦাংāϞা āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻāχ tense-āĻ—ুāϞো āϚেāύাāϰ āωāĻĒা⧟ āϜাāύāĻŦ ।
āϤাāϰ āφāĻ—ে āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āφāϰো āĻ•ā§ŸেāĻ•āϟা āϜিāύিāϏেāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āĻĒāϰিāϚ⧟ āĻšāϤে āĻšāĻŦে । āφāĻŽāϰা āφāĻ—েāχ āϜেāύেāĻ›ি āϝে, āĻāχ āϤিāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāϰেāϰ tense-āĻ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿেāϰ āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ– āĻĨাāĻ•ে । āϏāĻŽā§Ÿেāϰ āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ– āĻĨাāĻ•া āĻŽাāύে perfect-āĻāϰ āϞāĻ•্āώāύ । āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻāĻ–āύ āφāĻŽāϰা perfect-āĻāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻĻুāϟো symbol āĻŦা āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻ• āĻĒেāϞাāĻŽ āĻāĻ•āϟা āĻšāϞ “⧟” āĻāĻŦং āφāϰেāĻ•āϟা āĻšāϞ “āϏāĻŽā§Ÿেāϰ āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ–” । āĻāĻ–āύ present perfect continuous tense-āĻāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟা āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āϞāĻ•্āώো āĻ•āϰ
āϝেāĻŽāύঃ “āφāĻŽি āĻĻুāχ āϘāĻŖ্āϟা āϝাāĻŦāϤ āĻĒ⧜িāϤেāĻ›ি”
āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟিāϤে “āĻĻুāχ āϘāĻŖ্āϟা āϝাāĻŦāϤ” āĻĻেāĻ–ে āĻŦুāĻāϤে āĻšāĻŦে āϝে āϤা perfect
“āϤ” āĻĻেāĻ–ে āĻŦুāĻāϤে āĻšāĻŦে āϝে āϤা continuous ।
“āĻ›” āĻĻেāĻ–ে āĻŦুāĻāϤে āĻšāĻŦে āϝে āϤা present ।
āĻāĻ•āχ āĻ­াāĻŦে āĻŦāϞোāϤো “āφāĻŽি āĻĻুāχ āϘāĻŖ্āϟা āϝাāĻŦāϤ āĻ–েāϞিāϤে āĻ›িāϞাāĻŽ” āĻāϟি āĻ•োāύ tense ?
āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟিāϤে “āĻĻুāχ āϘāĻŖ্āϟা āϝাāĻŦāϤ” āĻĻেāĻ–ে āĻŦুāĻāϤে āĻšāĻŦে āϝে āϤা perfect “āϤ” āĻĻেāĻ–ে āĻŦুāĻāϤে āĻšāĻŦে āϝে āϤা continuous ।
“āϞ” āĻĻেāĻ–ে āĻŦুāĻāϤে āĻšāĻŦে āϝে āϤা past ।
āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟি āĻšāĻŦে past perfect continuous tense-āĻāϰ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ ।
āφāĻŦাāϰ
“āφāĻŽি āĻĻুāχ āϘāĻŖ্āϟা āϝাāĻŦāϤ āĻĒ⧜িāϤে āĻĨাāĻ•āĻŦ”।
āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟিāϤে “āĻĻুāχ āϘāĻŖ্āϟা āϝাāĻŦāϤ” āĻĻেāĻ–ে āĻŦুāĻāϤে āĻšāĻŦে āϝে āϤা perfect ।
“āϤ” āĻĻেāĻ–ে āĻŦুāĻāϤে āĻšāĻŦে āϝে āϤা continuous ।
“āĻŦ” āĻĻেāĻ–ে āĻŦুāĻāϤে āĻšāĻŦে āϝে āϤা future ।
āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟি āĻšāĻŦে future perfect continuous tense-āĻāϰ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ ।
āĻāĻ–āύ āϝāĻĻি āĻ•েāω āϤোāĻŽাāĻ•ে āĻāϰāĻ•āĻŽ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āĻĻি⧟ে āϜিāϜ্āĻžেāϏ āĻ•āϰে āϝে “āĻŦāϞāϤো āĻāϟা āĻ•োāύ tense ?”
āϤāĻ–āύ āϤুāĻŽি āĻ āĻ•ৌāĻļāϞ āĻ•াāϜে āϞাāĻ—ি⧟ে āϏāĻšāϜে āωāϤ্āϤāϰ āĻĻিāϤে āĻĒাāϰāĻŦে । āĻāϤāĻ•্āώāύ āϤো āĻ—েāϞ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āĻĨেāĻ•ে tense āĻŦেāϰ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āωāĻĒা⧟ ।
āĻāĻ–āύ āφāĻŽāϰা āφāϞোāϚāύা āĻ•āϰāĻŦ āĻ•িāĻ­াāĻŦে tense āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āĻŦেāϰ āĻ•āϰা āϝা⧟?
āϞāĻ•্āώ āĻ•āϰো
Indefinite tense
*present indefinite-āĻāϰ āĻŦাংāϞা āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āϤৈāϰি āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ , āφāĻŽাāĻ•ে āϚিāύ্āϤা āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে “āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ• āĻ•ী āĻ•ী ?” । āφāĻŽāϰা āϜাāύি present indefinite tense-āĻāϰ āĻ•্āώāϤ্āϰে āĻ•োāύো āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ• āĻĨাāĻ•ে āύা । āϝেāĻŽāύ “āφāĻŽি āϞিāĻ–ি” । āĻāĻ–াāύে āĻ•োāύো āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ• āύেāχ । āϤাāχ āĻ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟি āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে present indefinite- āĻŦাংāϞা āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ । āχংāϰেāϜীāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻŽূāϞ verb-āĻāϰ present āϰূāĻĒ āĻŦāϏি⧟ে āĻĻিāϤে āĻšāĻŦে । āϝেāĻŽāύঃ I eat
*past-āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ• “āϞ” āϤাāχ past indefinite tense-āĻāϰ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟি āĻšāĻŦে “āφāĻŽি āϞিāĻ–িāϞাāĻŽ” । āχংāϰেāϜীāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻŽূāϞ verb-āĻāϰ past āϰূāĻĒ āĻŦāϏি⧟ে āĻĻিāϤে āĻšāĻŦে । āϝেāĻŽāύঃ I ate
*future-āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ• “āĻŦ” āϤাāχ future indefinite tense-āĻāϰ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟি āĻšāĻŦে “āφāĻŽি āϞিāĻ–িāĻŦ” । āχংāϰেāϜীāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻŽূāϞ verb-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে will āĻāĻŦং verb-āĻāϰ base āϰূāĻĒ āĻŦāϏি⧟ে āĻĻিāϤে āĻšāĻŦে । āϝেāĻŽāύঃ I will eat (will-āĻāϰ āύি⧟āĻŽ āĻ…āύুāϝা⧟ী verb-āĻāϰ base āϰূāĻĒ āĻŦāϏেāĻ›ে )
continuous tense
*Present continuous tense-āĻāϰ āĻŦাংāϞা āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āϤৈāϰি āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ , āφāĻŽাāĻ•ে āϚিāύ্āϤা āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে “āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ• āĻ•ী āĻ•ী?” । āφāĻŽāϰা āϜাāύি continuousāĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ• “āϤ”āĻāĻŦং present-āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ• “āĻ›” āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž Present continuous tense-āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ• “āϤ,āĻ›” । āϝেāĻŽāύ “āφāĻŽি āϞিāĻ–িāϤেāĻ›ি” । āϤাāχ āĻ āĻŦāĻ•্āϝāϟি āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে Present continuous tense-āĻāϰ āĻŦাংāϞা āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ । āχংāϰেāϜীāϤে “āϤ”-āĻāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻŽূāϞ verb-āĻāϰ āϏাāĻĨে -ing form āĻāĻŦং “āĻ›”-āĻāϰ to be verb-āĻāϰ present āϰূāĻĒ āĻŦāϏি⧟ে āĻĻিāϤে āĻšāĻŦে । āϝেāĻŽāύঃ I am eating. ( āĻ•āĻ–āύ am,āĻ•āĻ–āύ is āφāϰ āĻ•āĻ–āύ are āĻŦāϏাāϤে āĻšā§Ÿ āϤা āĻŽāύে āφāĻ›ে āϤো ! )
*past-āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ• “āϞ” āĻāĻŦং continuous-āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ• “āϤ” āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž past continuous tense-āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ• “āϤ,āϞ” । āϤাāχ past continuous tense-āĻāϰ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟি āĻšāĻŦে “āφāĻŽি āϞিāĻ–িāϤেāĻ›িāϞাāĻŽ” । āχংāϰেāϜীāϤে “āϤ”-āĻāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻŽূāϞ verb-āĻāϰ -ing āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āϰূāĻĒ āĻāĻŦং “āϞ”-āĻāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ to be verb-āĻāϰ past āϰূāĻĒ āĻŦāϏি⧟ে āĻĻিāϤে āĻšāĻŦে । āϝেāĻŽāύঃ I was eating.
*future-āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ• “āĻŦ” āĻāĻŦং continuous-āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ• “āϤ” āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž future continuous tense-āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ• “āϤ,āĻŦ” । āϤাāχ future continuous tense -āĻāϰ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟি āĻšāĻŦে “āφāĻŽি āϞিāĻ–িāϤে āĻĨাāĻ•āĻŦো” । āχংāϰেāϜীāϤে “āĻŦ”-āĻāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻŽূāϞ verb-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে will āĻāĻŦং to be verb-āĻāϰ base form āĻāĻŦং “āϤ”-āĻāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ ,verb-āĻāϰ –ing āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āϰূāĻĒ āĻŦāϏি⧟ে āĻĻিāϤে āĻšāĻŦে । āϝেāĻŽāύঃ I will be eating (will-āĻāϰ āύি⧟āĻŽ āĻ…āύুāϝা⧟ী verb-āĻāϰ base āϰূāĻĒ āĻŦāϏেāĻ›ে āĻāĻŦং ing āϝুāĻ•্āϤ verb-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে to be verb āĻŦāϏেāĻ›ে )
perfect tense
*Present perfect tense-āĻāϰ āĻŦাংāϞা āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āϤৈāϰি āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ , āφāĻŽাāĻ•ে āϚিāύ্āϤা āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে “āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ• āĻ•ী āĻ•ী ?” । āφāĻŽāϰা āϜাāύি perfect-āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ• “⧟” āĻāĻŦং present-āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ• “āĻ›” āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž Present perfect tense-āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ• “āĻ›,⧟” । āϝেāĻŽāύ “āφāĻŽি āϞিāĻ–িāĻ‡ā§ŸাāĻ›ি” । āϤাāχ āĻ āĻŦāĻ•্āϝāϟি āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে Present perfect tense-āĻāϰ āĻŦাংāϞা āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ । āχংāϰেāϜীāϤে “⧟”-āϜāύ্āϝ to have verb āĻāĻŦং “āĻ›”-āĻāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ to have verb-āĻāϰ present āϰূāĻĒ āĻŦāϏি⧟ে āĻĻিāϤে āĻšāĻŦে । (to have verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰে āĻŽূāϞ verb-āĻāϰ P.P form āĻŦāϏে ) āϝেāĻŽāύঃ I have eat.
*past-āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ• “āϞ” āĻāĻŦং perfect-āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ• “⧟” āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž past perfect tense-āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ• “⧟,āϞ” । āϤাāχ past perfect tense-āĻāϰ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟি āĻšāĻŦে “āφāĻŽি āϞিāĻ–ি⧟া āĻ›িāϞাāĻŽ” । āχংāϰেāϜীāϤে “⧟”-āϜāύ্āϝ to have verb āĻāĻŦং “āϞ”-āĻāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ to have verb-āĻāϰ past form āĻŦāϏি⧟ে āĻĻিāϤে āĻšāĻŦে । (to have verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰে āĻŽূāϞ verb-āĻāϰ P.P form āĻŦāϏে ) āϝেāĻŽāύঃ I had eaten.
*Future-āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ• “āĻŦ” āĻāĻŦং perfect-āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ• “⧟” āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž future perfect tense-āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ• “⧟,āĻŦ” । āϤাāχ future perfect tense -āĻāϰ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟি āĻšāĻŦে “āφāĻŽি āϞিāĻ–িāĻ‡ā§Ÿা āĻĨাāĻ•āĻŦো” । āχংāϰেāϜীāϤে “āĻŦ”-āĻāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ will āĻāĻŦং “⧟”-āϜāύ্āϝ to have verb-āĻāϰ base form āĻŦāϏāĻŦে । āϝেāĻŽāύঃ I will have eaten (will-āĻāϰ āύি⧟āĻŽ āĻ…āύুāϝা⧟ী to have verb-āĻāϰ base āϰূāĻĒ āĻŦāϏেāĻ›ে āĻāĻŦং to have verb-āĻāϰ āύি⧟āĻŽ āĻ…āύুāϝা⧟ী āĻŽূāϞ verb-āĻāϰ P.P form āĻŦāϏেāĻ›ে)
perfect continuous tense
*Present perfect continuous tense-āĻāϰ āĻŦাংāϞা āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āϤৈāϰি āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ , āφāĻŽাāĻ•ে āϚিāύ্āϤা āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে “āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ• āĻ•ী āĻ•ী?” । āφāĻŽāϰা āϜাāύি present-āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ• “āĻ›” āĻāĻŦং perfect-āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ• “⧟” āĻŦা “āϏāĻŽā§Ÿেāϰ āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ–” (āĻāϟাāχ āĻāĻ–াāύে āωāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝ) āĻāĻŦং continuous-āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ• “āϤ” āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž Present perfect continuous tense-āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ• “āĻ›,āϤ,āϏāĻŽā§Ÿেāϰ āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ–” । āϝেāĻŽāύ “āφāĻŽি āĻĻুāχ āϘāĻŖ্āϟা āϝাāĻŦāϤ āϞিāĻ–িāϤেāĻ›ি” । āϤাāχ āĻ āĻŦāĻ•্āϝāϟি āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে Present perfect continuous tense-āĻāϰ āĻŦাংāϞা āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ । āχংāϰেāϜীāϤে “āϏāĻŽā§Ÿেāϰ āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ–”-āĻāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ to have verb āĻāĻŦং “āĻ›”-āĻāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ to have verb-āĻāϰ present āϰূāĻĒ āĻāĻŦং “āϤ”-āĻāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻŽূāϞ verb-āĻāϰ ing āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āϰূāĻĒ āĻŦāϏি⧟ে āĻĻিāϤে āĻšāĻŦে । āϝেāĻŽāύঃ I have been writting for two hours । (to have verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰে āĻŽূāϞ verb-āĻāϰ P.P form āĻŦāϏে āĻāĻŦং ing āϝুāĻ•্āϤ verb-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে to be verb āĻŦāϏে )
*Past-āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ• “āϞ” āĻāĻŦং perfect-āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ• “⧟” āĻŦা “āϏāĻŽā§Ÿেāϰ āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ–” (āĻāϟাāχ āĻāĻ–াāύে āωāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝ) āĻāĻŦং continuous-āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ• “āϤ” āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž Past perfect continuous tense-āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ• “āϞ,āϤ,āϏāĻŽā§Ÿেāϰ āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ–” । āϝেāĻŽāύ “āφāĻŽি āĻĻুāχ āϘāĻŖ্āϟা āϝাāĻŦāϤ āϞিāĻ–িāϤে āĻ›িāϞাāĻŽ” । āϤাāχ āĻ āĻŦāĻ•্āϝāϟি āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে Past perfect continuous tense-āĻāϰ āĻŦাংāϞা āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ । āχংāϰেāϜীāϤে “āϏāĻŽā§Ÿেāϰ āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ–”-āĻāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ to have verb āĻāĻŦং “āϞ”-āĻāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ to have verb-āĻāϰ past āϰূāĻĒ āĻāĻŦং “āϤ”-āĻāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻŽূāϞ verb-āĻāϰ ing āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āϰূāĻĒ āĻŦāϏি⧟ে āĻĻিāϤে āĻšāĻŦে । āϝেāĻŽāύঃ I had been writing for two hours । (to have verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰে āĻŽূāϞ verb-āĻāϰ P.P form āĻŦāϏে āĻāĻŦং ing āϝুāĻ•্āϤ verb-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে to be verb āĻŦāϏে )
*future-āĻāϰ-āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ• “āĻŦ” āĻāĻŦং perfect-āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ• “⧟” āĻŦা “āϏāĻŽā§Ÿেāϰ āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ–” (āĻāϟাāχ āĻāĻ–াāύে āωāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝ) āĻāĻŦং continuous-āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ• “āϤ” āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž Past perfect continuous tense-āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤীāĻ• “āĻŦ,āϤ,āϏāĻŽā§Ÿেāϰ āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ–” । āϝেāĻŽāύ “āφāĻŽি āĻĻুāχ āϘāĻŖ্āϟা āϝাāĻŦāϤ āϞিāĻ–িāϤে āĻĨাāĻ•āĻŦ” । āϤাāχ āĻ āĻŦāĻ•্āϝāϟি āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে future perfect continuous tense-āĻāϰ āĻŦাংāϞা āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ । āχংāϰেāϜীāϤে “āϏāĻŽā§Ÿেāϰ āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ–”-āĻāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ to have verb āĻāĻŦং “āĻŦ”-āĻāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ will āĻāĻŦং “āϤ”-āĻāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻŽূāϞ verb-āĻāϰ ing āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āϰূāĻĒ āĻŦāϏি⧟ে āĻĻিāϤে āĻšāĻŦে । āϝেāĻŽāύঃ I will have been writing for two hours । (will-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ verb-āĻāϰ base form āĻŦāϏে । to have verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰে āĻŽূāϞ verb-āĻāϰ P.P form āĻāĻŦং ing āϝুāĻ•্āϤ verb-āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে to be verb āĻŦāϏে ) ।
āϏāϤāϰ্āĻ•āϤা:
1. āĻŦাংāϞা⧟ perfect āϚেāύাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻĻুāϟো āϜিāύিāϏ, “⧟” āĻāĻŦং “āϏāĻŽā§Ÿেāϰ āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ–” । āĻ•িāύ্āϤু English- āĻāĻ•āϟাāχ , āφāϰ āϤা āĻšāϞ to have verb ।
2. āφāĻŽāϰা shall āĻāĻŦং will āύি⧟ে āĻŽāĻšা āĻŦিāĻĒāĻĻে āĻĒ⧜ে āϝাāχ । āĻ•āĻ–āύ will āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ āφāϰ āĻ•āĻ–āύ shall āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ । āφāĻŽāϰা āϝāĻĻি āφāĻĒাāϤāϤ American āύি⧟āĻŽ āĻ…āύুāϏāϰāύ āĻ•āϰি āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻāχ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϝাāϰ āϏāĻŽাāϧাāύ āĻšā§Ÿে āϝা⧟ । āĻ•াāϰāύ American-āϰা āϏāĻŦ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে will āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰে । āφāϰ British-āϰা I-āĻāϰ āϏাāĻĨে shall āĻāĻŦং you,he,she āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি āϏāĻŦ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে will āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰে ।
3. āφāĻŽāϰা āφāĻ—ে āĻŦāϞেāĻ›ি to have verb āĻĻেāĻ–āϞেāχ āĻŦুāĻāĻŦে āϝে āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟা perfect tense-āĻāϰ । āϤাāχ āĻŦāϞে āĻ•ি “I have a car” āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟা perfect tense-āĻāϰ?
- āύা, āĻ…āĻŦāĻļ্āϝāχ āύা । āĻāĻ–াāύে āύি⧟āĻŽ āĻšāϞো āϝে , to have verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ,verb-āĻāϰ P.P form āĻĨাāĻ•āϤে āĻšāĻŦে । āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻāĻ–াāύে āϤা āύেāχ । āϏুāϤāϰাং āĻāϟা perfect āύা । āφāϏāϞে āĻ•āĻĨা āĻšāϞো, to have verb āĻĻেāĻ–ে perfect āĻŦāϞāĻŦে āϤāĻ–āύ , āϝāĻ–āύ āϐ to have verb-āϟা auxiliary verb āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āĻĨাāĻ•āĻŦে।  āĻāĻ–āύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύ āĻšāϞ to have verb-āϟা āĻ•āĻ–āύ auxiliary verb āĻāĻŦং āĻ•āĻ–āύ auxiliary verb āύ⧟ āϤা āĻ•িāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻŦুāĻāĻŦ ? āύি⧟āĻŽāϟা āĻšāϞ to have verb-āϟা āϤāĻ–āύāχ auxiliary verb (āϏাāĻšাāϝ্āϝāĻ•াāϰী) āĻšāĻŦে, āϝāĻ–āύ āϤাāϰ āĻĒāϰে āĻāĻ•āϟা āĻŽূāϞ verb āĻĨাāĻ•āĻŦে । āφāϰ āϝāĻĻি āĻŽূāϞ verb āύা āĻĨাāĻ•ে āϤাāĻšāϞে āϐ auxiliary verb-āϟাāχ āĻŽূāϞ verb āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āĻĨাāĻ•ে ।
āϝেāĻŽāύঃ
I had a car āĻŦা
I have a car āĻŦা
he has a car
āĻāĻ–াāύেāϰ had/have/has āĻ—ুāϞো āĻŽূāϞ verb āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āφāĻ›ে । āĻ•াāϰāύ āĻāĻ–াāύে to have verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻŽূāϞ verb āύেāχ ।
āφāϚ্āĻ›া! I had gone to school āĻāχ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝে āĻ•িāύ্āϤু to have verb-āϟা auxiliary verb ।
āφāĻŦাāϰ “Is” āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ে āĻāĻ•āχ āĻ•āĻĨা । āϝেāĻŽāύঃ This is a car .āĻāĻ–াāύে is -āϟা āĻŽূāϞ verb । is-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻŽূāϞ verb āĻĨাāĻ•āϞে āϤা auxiliary verb āĻšāϤো।  āϝেāĻŽāύঃ He is giong (am/is/are/was/wereāϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ে āĻāĻ•āχ āĻ•āĻĨা । )
4. āĻ…āϤিāϤে āϝāĻĻি āĻĻুāϟি āĻ•াāϜ āĻšā§Ÿে āĻĨাāĻ•ে āĻāĻŦং āĻ•োāύāϟা āφāĻ—ে āφāϰ āĻ•োāύāϟা āĻĒāϰে āϤা āĻŦুāĻাāύোāϰ āĻĒ্āϰ⧟োāϜāύ āĻĒ⧜ে āϤāĻ–āύ āφāĻ—ে āϝে āĻ•াāϜāϟি āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›িāϞ āϤা āĻšāĻŦে past perfect tense āĻāĻŦং āĻĒāϰে āϝে āĻ•াāϜāϟি āĻšā§Ÿে āĻ›িāϞ āϤা past indefinite āĻŦা simple past tense āĻšāĻŦে ।
āϝেāĻŽāύঃ I had written the letter before he arrived ("before”-āĻāϰ before-āĻ āĻšāĻŦে past perfect )
āφāĻŦাāϰ He arrived after I had written the letter (“after”-āĻāϰ after-āĻ āĻšāĻŦে past perfect)
āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āĻĻুāϟিāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻāĻ•āϟু āĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻšāϞেāĻ“ āωāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝ āĻāĻ•āχ । (āĻĒাāϰ্āĻĨāĻ•্āϝ āĻļুāϧু before āĻāĻŦং after-āĻāϰ ) Future perfect āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ে āĻāĻ•āχ āĻ•āĻĨা । āϤāĻ–āύ future-āĻ āĻĻুāϟি āĻ•াāϜ āϘāϟāĻŦে । āĻāĻ•āϟা āφāĻ—ে āĻ…āύ্āϝāϟা āĻĒāϰে āϘāϟāĻŦে ।
āϝেāĻŽāύঃ I will have started before the sun will rise (before-āĻāϰ before-āĻ āĻšāĻŦে future perfect)
āφāĻŦাāϰ The sun will rise after we will have started (after-āĻāϰ after-āĻ āĻšāĻŦে future perfect) āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āĻĻুāϟিāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻāĻ•āϟু āĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻšāϞেāĻ“ āωāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝ āĻāĻ•āχ ।
āĻāĻ–āύ āφāĻŽāϰা āϜাāύāĻŦো āĻ•ি āĻ­াāĻŦে āĻāĻ• tense āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻ…āύ্āϝ tense-āĻ āϝেāϤে āĻšā§Ÿ ?
*ā§§ I go >I went >I will go
*⧍I am going> I was going >I will be going
*ā§Š I have gone >I had gone >I will have gone
*ā§Ē I have been going >I had been going >I will have been going
āϟিāĻ•া :
ā§§ . verb-āĻāϰ āϰুāĻĒেāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύে tense āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে ।
⧍ . to be verb-āĻāϰ āϰুāĻĒেāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύে tense āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে ।
ā§Š /ā§Ē . to have verb-āĻāϰ āϰুāĻĒেāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύে tense āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›েāϰ ।
• Future-āĻāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ will āĻšāĻŦে।
                                                                                                            The End..........

āφāϜāĻ•ে āφāĻŽāϰা āĻļিāĻ–āĻŦ āĻ•িāĻ­াāĻŦে ā§Š āϏেāĻ•েāύ্āĻĄ āĻāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϝেāĻ•োāύো āĻĻুāχ āĻĄিāϜিāϟ āϏংāĻ–্āϝা āĻāϰ āϏাāĻĨে ā§§ā§§ āĻ—ুāĻŖ āĻ•āϰা āϝাāϝ়-āĻš্āϝাঁ, āĻŽাāϤ্āϰ ā§Š āϏেāĻ•েāύ্āĻĄ !

āφāĻĒāύি āĻ•ি ā§Š āϏেāĻ•েāύ্āĻĄ āĻāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻŦāϞāϤে āĻĒাāϰেāύ  ā§Ģā§Šxā§§ā§§=?
http://www.gonitpathshala.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/MATH-12-300x1021.png
āĻāϟা āĻ…āύেāĻ• āϏāĻšāϜ āϤাāχ āφāĻĒাāύাāĻĻেāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝ় āĻļুāϰু āĻšāϞ āĻāĻ–āύ..ā§§….⧍…..ā§Š..āϏāĻŽāϝ় āĻļেāώ।
āϏāĻ িāĻ• āωāϤ্āϤāϰ āĻšāϞঃ
http://www.gonitpathshala.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/MATH-121-300x771.png
āφāĻĒāύাāϰ āĻĒাāĻ“āϝ়া āωāϤ্āϤāϰ āϝāĻĻি āĻāϟাāχ āĻšāϝ় āϤাāĻšāϞে āϤো āĻ–ুāĻŦ āĻ­াāϞ āφāϰ āϝāĻĻি āĻāϟা āύাāĻ“ āĻšāϝ় āϚিāύ্āϤাāϰ āĻ•োāύো āĻ•াāϰāύ āύাāχ āĻĻুāχ āĻŽিāύিāϟ āĻĒāϰ āφāĻĒāύিāĻ“ ā§Š āϏেāĻ•েāύ্āĻĄ āĻāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϝেāĻ•োāύো āĻĻুāχ āĻĄিāϜিāϟ āϏংāĻ–্āϝাāϰ āĻāϰ āϏাāĻĨে ā§§ā§§ āĻāϰ āĻ—ুāĻŖāĻĢāϞ āĻŦেāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰāĻŦেāύ।āφāĻŽāϰা āϝে āĻĻুāχ āĻĄিāϜিāϟ āϏংāĻ–্āϝাāϰ āϏাāĻĨে ā§§ā§§ āĻĻিāϝ়ে āĻ—ুāύ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ āϏেāϟাāϰ āĻŽাāĻে āĻāĻ•āϟা āĻĢাঁāĻ•া āϜাāϝ়āĻ—া āϰাāĻ–āĻŦ।āĻāĻ–āύ āϐ āϏংāĻ–্āϝা āĻĻুāχāϟাāϰ āϝোāĻ—āĻĢāϞ āĻĢাঁāĻ•া āϜাāϝ়āĻ—াāϝ় āĻŦāϏাāĻŦো।

http://www.gonitpathshala.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/math-9-300x801.png

āĻāĻ–াāύে ā§Ģā§Š āĻāϰ āϏাāĻĨে ā§§ā§§ āĻ—ুāĻŖ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›ে।āĻāĻ•āϟু āĻ­াāϞ āĻ•āϰে āĻ–েāϝ়াāϞ āĻ•āϰāϞে āĻĻেāĻ–া āϝাāĻŦে ā§Ģ+ā§Š=ā§Ž āϝেāϟা āϐ āĻĢাঁāĻ•া āϜাāϝ়āĻ—াāϝ় āĻŦāϏে āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›ে ā§Ģā§Žā§Š āĻāĻŦং āĻāϟাāχ āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻ•াāĻ™্āĻ–িāϤ āωāϤ্āϤāϰ।
 http://www.gonitpathshala.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/MATH-122-300x791.png
āφāĻŽাāϰা āφāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟা āĻĻুāχ āĻĄিāϜিāϟ āĻāϰ āϏংāĻ–্āϝা āύেāχ “⧭⧍” āĻāĻŦং āĻāϟাāĻ•ে ā§§ā§§ āĻĻিāϝ়ে āĻ—ুāĻŖ āĻ•āϰি
http://www.gonitpathshala.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/math-91-300x721.png

āĻāĻ–াāύে ā§­+⧍=⧝ āĻ…āϤāĻāĻŦ ⧭⧍xā§§ā§§=⧭⧝⧍
http://www.gonitpathshala.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/math-4-300x751.png

āφāĻļা āĻ•āϰি āφāĻĒāύাāϰা āϏāĻŦাāχ āĻŦিāώāϝ়āϟা āĻŦুāĻāϤে āĻĒেāϰেāĻ›েāύ। āĻāĻŦাāϰ āĻŦāϞুāύ āϤো ā§­ā§Ģxā§§ā§§=?āĻāĻ–াāύে ā§­+ā§Ģ=⧧⧍ āϤাāĻšāϞে  ā§­ā§Ģxā§§ā§§=⧭⧧⧍ā§Ģ
 http://www.gonitpathshala.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/math-41-300x701.png
āĻ•ি āφāĻĒāύাāĻĻেāϰ āωāϤ্āϤāϰ āĻ•ি āĻāϟাāχ āĻāϏেāĻ›ে ? āϝāĻĻি āĻāϟাāχ āφāϏে āϤাāĻšāϞে āφāĻĒāύাāĻĻেāϰ āωāϤ্āϤāϰāϟা āϏāĻ িāĻ• āĻšāϝ় āύাāχ।āĻ•াāϰāύ āφāĻŽাāϰা āφāĻ—েāχ āĻŦāϞেāĻ›িāϞাāĻŽ āĻĻুāχāϟি āϏংāĻ–্āϝাāϰ āĻŽাāĻāĻ–াāύে āĻāĻ•āϟা āĻĢাঁāĻ•া āϜাāϝ়āĻ—া āϰাāĻ–āϤে āĻšāĻŦে āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻāχāĻ–াāύে ā§­ āφāϰ ā§Ģ āϝোāĻ— āĻ•āϰāϞে ⧧⧍ āĻŽাāύে āĻĻুāχ āĻĄিāϜিāϟ āϏংāĻ–্āϝাāϰ āĻŽাāύ āĻĒাāĻ“āϝ়া āϝাāϝ় āϝা āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻĢাঁāĻ•া āϜাāϝ়āĻ—াāϝ় āϰাāĻ–া āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦ āύা।āĻ–ুāĻŦ āϏāĻšāϜেāχ āĻāϟা āϏāĻŽাāϧাāύ āĻ•āϰা āϝাāϝ় āφāĻŽাāϰা ā§­+ā§Ģ=⧧⧍ āĻāχ ⧧⧍ āĻāϰ ā§§ ,ā§­ āĻāϰ āωāĻĒāϰে āϞিāĻ–āĻŦ āϤাāϰāĻĒāϰ āĻāϰ āϝোāĻ—āĻĢāϞ āĻŦেāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ āύিāϚেāϰ āĻŽāϤো āĻ•āϰে āϤাāĻšāϞে āωāϤ্āϤāϰ āĻšāĻŦে ā§Žā§¨ā§Ģ।
http://www.gonitpathshala.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/math-42-300x1721.png

āĻāĻŦাāϰ āĻļেāώ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āφāĻ—ে āφāĻĒāύাāĻĻেāϰ āĻ•াāĻ›ে āφāĻŽাāϰ āĻļেāώ āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύ āĻŦāϞুāύāϤো  ā§Ŧā§Šxā§§ā§§=?
http://www.gonitpathshala.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/math-43-300x791.png

āĻāĻ–াāύে ā§Ŧ+ā§Š=⧝,āĻ…āϤāĻāĻŦ ā§Ŧā§Šxā§§ā§§=ā§Ŧā§¯ā§Š
http://www.gonitpathshala.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/math-44-300x781.png

āφāĻŽাāϰ āĻŽāύে āĻšāϝ় āĻāĻ–āύ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āφāĻĒāύাāϰা ā§Š āϏেāĻ•েāύ্āĻĄ āĻāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϝেāĻ•োāύো āĻĻুāχ āĻĄিāϜিāϟ āϏংāĻ–্āϝা āĻāϰ āϏাāĻĨে ā§§ā§§ āĻ—ুāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰāĻŦেāύ, āύাāĻ•ি āĻ•ি āĻĒাāϰāĻŦেāύ āύা?āĻŽāύ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŦāϞেāύ…

āϰাāϏা⧟āύিāĻ• āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি⧟া⧟ āϤাāĻĒেāϰ āϰূāĻĒাāύ্āϤāϰ


āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ āϤāĻĨ্āϝ :
  • āϰাāϏা⧟āύিāĻ• āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύে āĻĒāĻĻাāϰ্āĻĨেāϰ āĻ…āĻŖুāϏāĻŽূāĻšেāϰ āωāĻĒাāĻĻাāύ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻŖুāϰ āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•ৃāϤিāϰ āϏ্āĻĨা⧟ী āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āϘāϟে।
  • āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•ৃāϤāĻĒāĻ•্āώে āϏāĻŦ āϰাāϏা⧟āύিāĻ• āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύে āϤাāĻĒ āĻļāĻ•্āϤিāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āϘāϟে।
  • āĻ­ৌāϤ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύেāϰ āĻĢāϞে āĻĒāĻĻাāϰ্āĻĨেāϰ āĻŦাāĻš্āϝিāĻ• āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āϘāϟে, āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞে āύāϤুāύ āĻ•োāύ āĻ…āĻŖুāϰ āϏৃāώ্āϟি āĻšā§Ÿ āύা।

  1. āϤাāĻĒোā§ŽāĻĒাāĻĻী āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি⧟া :
 āϝে āϰাāϏা⧟āύিāĻ• āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύেāϰ āĻĢāϞে āϤাāĻĒ āĻļāĻ•্āϤি āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāύ্āύ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦং āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি⧟া āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞেāϰ āϤাāĻĒāĻŽাāϤ্āϰা āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি āĻĒা⧟     āϤাāĻ•ে āϤাāĻĒোā§ŽāĻĒাāĻĻী āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি⧟া āĻŦāϞে। āϝেāĻŽāύ-

N2 + 3H2 = 2NH3 + āϤাāĻĒ (92.38 āĻ•িāϞোāϜুāϞ āĻŽোāϞ-1)
2SO2 + O2 = 2SO3 + āϤাāĻĒ (189.12 āĻ•িāϞোāϜুāϞ āĻŽোāϞ-1)
C + O2 = CO2 + āϤাāĻĒ (393.5 āĻ•িāϞোāϜুāϞ āĻŽোāϞ-1)

  1. āϤাāĻĒāĻšাāϰী āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি⧟া :
āϝে āϰাāϏা⧟āύিāĻ• āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύেāϰ āĻĢāϞে āϤাāĻĒ āĻļāĻ•্āϤি āĻļোāώিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦং āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি⧟া āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞেāϰ āϤাāĻĒāĻŽাāϤ্āϰা āĻš্āϰাāϏ āĻĒা⧟ āϤাāĻ•ে āϤাāĻĒāĻšাāϰী āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি⧟া āĻŦāϞে। āϝেāĻŽāύ-

N2 + O2 ⇌ 2NO - āϤাāĻĒ (180.75 āĻ•িāϞোāϜুāϞ āĻŽোāϞ-1)
3O2 ⇌ 2O3 – āϤাāĻĒ (284.51 āĻ•িāϞোāϜুāϞ āĻŽোāϞ-1)
C + 2S ⇌ CS2 – āϤাāĻĒ (92.05 āĻ•িāϞোāϜুāϞ āĻŽোāϞ-1)

  • āϏāĻ•āϞ āĻĻāĻšāύ āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি⧟া āϤাāĻĒোā§ŽāĻĒাāĻĻী āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি⧟া।
āĻŦ্āϝāϤিāĻ•্āϰāĻŽ- N2 + O2 ⇌ 2NO - āϤাāĻĒ (180.75 āĻ•িāϞোāϜুāϞ āĻŽোāϞ-1)
  • āϏāĻ•āϞ āĻĒ্āϰāĻļāĻŽāύ āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি⧟া āϤাāĻĒোā§ŽāĻĒাāĻĻী।

  • āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি⧟āĻ•েāϰ āĻ…āĻ­্āϝāύ্āϤāϰীāĻŖ āĻļāĻ•্āϤি > āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒাāĻĻেāϰ āφāĻ­্āϝāύ্āϤāϰীāĻŖ āĻļāĻ•্āϤি → āϤাāĻĒোā§ŽāĻĒাāĻĻী āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি⧟া
  • āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি⧟āĻ•েāϰ āĻ…āĻ­্āϝāύ্āϤāϰীāĻŖ āĻļāĻ•্āϤি < āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒাāĻĻেāϰ āφāĻ­্āϝāύ্āϤāϰীāĻŖ āĻļāĻ•্āϤি → āϤাāĻĒāĻšাāϰী āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি⧟া

  • āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি⧟āĻ•েāϰ āĻļāĻ•্āϤি = āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒাāĻĻেāϰ āĻļāĻ•্āϤি + āύিāϰ্āĻ—āϤ āĻļāĻ•্āϤি; āϤাāĻĒোā§ŽāĻĒাāĻĻী āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি⧟া
  • āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি⧟āĻ•েāϰ āĻļāĻ•্āϤি + āĻļোāώিāϤ āĻļāĻ•্āϤি = āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒাāĻĻেāϰ āĻļāĻ•্āϤি; āϤাāĻĒāĻšাāϰী āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি⧟া

  • āĻŦāύ্āϧāύ āĻ­াāĻ™āύে āĻļোāώিāϤ āĻļāĻ•্āϤি > āĻŦāύ্āϧāύ āϏৃāώ্āϟিāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻŦিāĻŽুāĻ•্āϤ āĻļāĻ•্āϤি : āϤাāĻĒāĻšাāϰী āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি⧟া
  • āĻŦāύ্āϧāύ āϏৃāώ্āϟিāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻŦিāĻŽুāĻ•্āϤ āĻļāĻ•্āϤি > āĻŦāύ্āϧāύ āĻ­াāĻ™āύে āĻļোāώিāϤ āĻļāĻ•্āϤি : āϤাāĻĒোā§ŽāĻĒাāĻĻী āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি⧟া

  • āϤাāĻĒোā§ŽāĻĒাāĻĻী āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি⧟া⧟, ∆H = -ve
  • āϤাāĻĒāĻšাāϰী āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি⧟া⧟, ∆H = +ve
āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āϤāĻĨ্āϝ :
  • āĻ•োāύ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϤে āϏāĻž্āϚিāϤ āϏ্āĻĨিāϤিāĻļāĻ•্āϤি āĻ“ āĻ—āϤিāĻļāĻ•্āϤিāϰ āĻŽোāϟ āϏāĻŽāώ্āϟিāĻ•ে āϐ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻ…āĻ­্āϝāύ্āϤāϰীāĻŖ āĻļāĻ•্āϤি āĻŦāϞে। āĻāĻ•ে āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা E āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ।
  • āĻāύāĻĨাāϞāĻĒিāĻ•ে H āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ।
H = E + PV (āĻāĻ–াāύে, P= āϚাāĻĒ, V= āĻ†ā§ŸāϤāύ)
  • āϜুāϞ āĻ“ āĻ•্āϝাāϞāϰিāϰ āĻĒাāϰāϏ্āĻĒāϰিāĻ• āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ• āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে- 1 Cal = 4.184 Joule
  • āύাāχāϟ্āϰোāϜেāύ āĻ“ āĻšাāχāĻĄ্āϰোāϜেāύ āĻšāϤে āĻ…্āϝাāĻŽোāύি⧟া āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒাāĻĻāύেāϰ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে 400°-500°C āϤাāĻĒāĻŽাāϤ্āϰা āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ।


  • āĻĒ্āϰāĻŽাāĻŖ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা⧟ āϝে āĻ•োāύ āĻŽৌāϞেāϰ āϏংāĻ—āĻ āύ āϤাāĻĒ āĻļূāĻŖ্āϝ।
  • āĻĒ্āϰāĻŽাāĻŖ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা⧟ āϏāĻ•āϞ āĻŽৌāϞ āĻ“ āĻŽৌāϞিāĻ• āĻ—্āϝাāϏেāϰ āĻ…āĻ­্āϝāύ্āϤāϰীāĻŖ āĻļāĻ•্āϤি āĻļূāĻŖ্āϝ।
  • āĻĒ্āϰāĻŽাāĻŖ āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি⧟া āϤাāĻĒেāϰ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻĒ্āϰāĻŽাāĻŖ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§Ÿ 25°C āϤাāĻĒāĻŽাāϤ্āϰা āĻāĻŦং āĻŦা⧟āĻŽāĻŖ্āĻĄāϞী⧟ āϚাāĻĒāĻ•ে।
  • āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āĻ†ā§ŸāϤāύে āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি⧟া āϤাāĻĒ, Qv= ∆H
  • āϏ্āĻĨিāϰ āϚাāĻĒে āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি⧟া āϤাāĻĒ, Qp= Qv+∆nRT
  • āĻšেāϏেāϰ āϤাāĻĒ āϏāĻŽāώ্āϟিāĻ•āϰāĻŖ āϏূāϤ্āϰেāϰ āĻ—াāĻŖিāϤিāĻ• āϰূāĻĒ :
∆H1= ∆H2+∆H3
āĻāĻ–াāύে ∆H= āĻļāĻ•্āϤিāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ
  • ∆H<0, āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি⧟া āϏ্āĻŦāϤঃāϏ্āĻĢূāϰ্āϤāĻ­াāĻŦে āϘāϟāĻŦে।
  • ∆G<0, āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি⧟া āϏ্āĻŦāϤঃāϏ্āĻĢূāϰ্āϤāĻ­াāĻŦে āϘāϟāĻŦে।
  • ∆H>0, āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি⧟া āϏ্āĻŦāϤঃāϏ্āĻĢূāϰ্āϤāĻ­াāĻŦে āϘāϟāĻŦে। āϤāĻŦে āĻŦ্āϝāϤিāĻ•্āϰāĻŽ āφāĻ›ে।
  • ∆G >0āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি⧟া āϏ্āĻŦāϤঃāϏ্āĻĢূāϰ্āϤāĻ­াāĻŦে āϘāϟāĻŦে āύা।
  • āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖ āϤাāĻĒে āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦেāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāĻŖ ā§§ āĻŽোāϞ āĻāĻŦং āĻĻ্āϰাāĻŦāĻ•েāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāĻŖ āϤুāϞāύাāĻŽূāϞāĻ•āĻ­াāĻŦে āĻ…āύেāĻ• āĻŦেāĻļি āĻšāϤে āĻšā§Ÿ।
  • āĻ•াāϰ্āĻŦāύেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŽাāĻŖ āĻĻāĻšāύ āϤাāĻĒ = 787 āĻ•িāϞোāϜুāϞ
  • āϤীāĻŦ্āϰ āĻāϏিāĻĄ āĻ“ āϤীāĻŦ্āϰ āĻ•্āώাāϰেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻļāĻŽāύ āϤাāϰে āĻŽাāύ 57.32 āĻ•িāϞোāϜুāϞ
  • āϏ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻļ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŖাāϞীāϤে H2SO4 āĻĒ্āϰāϏ্āϤুāϤিāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ 175.7 āĻ•িāϞোāϜুāϞ āϤাāĻĒ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāύ্āύ āĻšā§Ÿ।



25°C āϤাāĻĒāĻŽাāϤ্āϰা⧟ āϤীāĻŦ্āϰ āĻāϏিāĻĄ āĻ“ āϤীāĻŦ্āϰ āĻ•্āώাāϰāĻ•েāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻļāĻŽāύ āϤাāĻĒ, ∆H
āĻāϏিāĻĄ
āĻ•্āώাāϰāĻ•
āĻĒ্āϰāĻļāĻŽāύ āϤাāĻĒ, ∆H (kj)
HCl
NaOH
-57.34
H2SO4
NaOH
-57.44
HNO3
NaOH
-57.35
HCl
KOH
-57.43

āĻ—ā§œ āĻŦāύ্āϧāύ āĻāύāĻĨাāϞāĻĒি
āĻŦāύ্āϧāύ
kj/mol
H-H
435.5
H-Cl
432
C-H
415
Cl-Cl
243
C-C
344
H-F
563
H-Br
366
H-I
299
O-H
463
C-Cl
328

āĻ•āϤিāĻĒ⧟ āϏংāϜ্āĻžা :
  1. āĻ—āĻ āύ āϤাāĻĒ : āĻĒ্āϰāĻŽাāĻŖ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা⧟ āĻ•োāύ āϝৌāĻ—েāϰ āωāĻĒাāĻĻাāύ āĻŽৌāϞāϏāĻŽূāĻš āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻāϰ āĻāĻ• āĻŽোāϞ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒাāĻĻāύāĻ•াāϞে āĻāύāĻĨাāϞāĻĒি āĻāϰ āϝে āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āϘāϟে āϤাāĻ•ে āϝৌāĻ—āϟিāϰ āĻ—āĻ āύ āϤাāĻĒ āĻŦা āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻāύāĻĨাāϞāĻĒি āĻŦāϞে। 25°C āϤাāĻĒāĻŽাāϤ্āϰা⧟ āĻ“ 1 atm āϚাāĻĒে āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻāύāĻĨাāϞāĻĒিāĻ•ে ∆H°f āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ।

  1. āĻĻāĻšāύ āϤাāĻĒ : āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āϤাāĻĒāĻŽাāϤ্āϰা āĻ“ 1 atm āϚাāĻĒে 1 āĻŽোāϞ āĻ•োāύ āĻŽৌāϞিāĻ• āĻŦা āϝৌāĻ—িāĻ• āĻĒāĻĻাāϰ্āĻĨāĻ•ে āĻ…āĻ•্āϏিāϜেāύে āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖāϰূāĻĒে āĻĻāĻšāύ āĻ•āϰāϞে āĻāύāĻĨাāϞāĻĒিāϰ āϝে āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āϘāϟে, āϤাāĻ•ে āĻĻāĻšāύ āϤাāĻĒ āĻŦা āĻĻāĻšāύ āĻāύāĻĨাāϞāĻĒি āĻŦāϞে। āĻĒ্āϰāĻŽাāĻŖ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা⧟ āĻ•োāύ āĻĒāĻĻাāϰ্āĻĨেāϰ āĻāĻ• āĻŽোāϞāĻ•ে āĻ…āĻ•্āϏিāϜেāύে āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖāϰূāĻĒে āĻĻāĻšāύ āĻ•āϰāϞে āĻāύāĻĨাāϞāĻĒিāϰ āϝে āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āϘāϟে āϤাāĻ•েāχ āϐ āĻĒāĻĻাāϰ্āĻĨেāϰ āĻĻāĻšāύ āϤাāĻĒ āĻŦা āĻĒ্āϰāĻŽাāĻŖ āĻĻāĻšāύ āĻāύāĻĨাāϞāĻĒি āĻŦāϞে। āĻāĻ•ে ∆H°C āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ।

  1. āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖ āϤাāĻĒ : āĻāĻ•āϟি āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āϤাāĻĒāĻŽাāϤ্āϰা⧟ āϝāĻĨেāώ্āϟ āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāĻŖ āĻĻ্āϰাāĻŦāĻ•ে āĻāĻ• āĻŽোāϞ āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦāĻ•ে āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦীāĻ­ূāϤ āĻ•āϰে āϝāĻĻি āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖ āĻĒ্āϰāϏ্āϤুāϤ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦং āϤাāϤে āϝāĻĻি āφāϰো āĻĻ্āϰাāĻŦāĻ• āϝোāĻ— āĻ•āϰেāĻ“ āϤাāĻĒী⧟ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা⧟ āĻ•োāύ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āϘāϟাāύো āύা āϝা⧟ āϤāĻŦে āϐ āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖ āĻĒ্āϰāϏ্āϤুāϤ āĻ•āϰāϤে āϤাāĻĒেāϰ āϝে āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āϘāϟে āϤাāĻ•ে āϐ āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦেāϰ āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖ āϤাāĻĒ āĻŦāϞে।

  1. āĻĒ্āϰāĻļāĻŽāύ āϤাāĻĒ : 25°C āϤাāĻĒāĻŽাāϤ্āϰা⧟ āĻāϏিāĻĄ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻāϤ্āϤ 1 mol H+ āĻ•ে āĻ•্āώাāϰāĻ•েāϰ āϞāϘু āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖ āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āĻĒ্āϰāĻļāĻŽিāϤ āĻ•āϰে 1 mol āĻĒাāύিāϰ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāύ্āύ āĻšāĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰ āĻ•াāϞে āϝে āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāĻŖ āϤাāĻĒ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāύ্āύ āĻšā§Ÿ āϤাāĻ•ে āĻĒ্āϰāĻļāĻŽāύ āϤাāĻĒ āĻŦা āĻĒ্āϰāĻļāĻŽāύ āĻāύāĻĨাāϞāĻĒি āĻŦāϞে। āϏāĻ•āϞ āϤীāĻŦ্āϰ āĻāϏিāĻĄ āĻ“ āϤীāĻŦ্āϰ āĻ•্āώাāϰāĻ•েāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŽāĻļāύ āϤাāĻĒেāϰ āĻŽাāύ āϏāĻŽাāύ āĻāĻŦং āϤা -57.34 kj।

  1. āĻĻ্āĻŦি-āĻŦিāϝোāϜāύ āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি⧟া :

āύোāϟ : āĻāχ āĻ…āϧ্āϝা⧟েāϰ āϤাāĻĒোā§ŽāĻĒাāĻĻী āĻ“ āϤাāĻĒাāĻšাāϰী āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি⧟াāϰ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻŦং āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāύ্āύ āϤাāĻĒ āĻŦা āĻļোāώিāϤ āϤাāĻĒেāϰ āĻŽাāύāĻ—ুāϞো āĻŦেāĻļি āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ । āĻ…āύেāĻ• āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āωāϤ্āϤāϰ āϝাāϚাāχ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āϏংāϜ্āĻžাāĻ—ুāϞোāϰ āϏাāĻšাāϝ্āϝেāϰ āĻĻāϰāĻ•াāϰ āĻšā§Ÿ ।
āĻĸাāĻ•া āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦāĻŦিāĻĻ্āϝাāϞ⧟েāϰ āĻŦিāĻ—āϤ āĻŦāĻ›āϰেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύ :

⧍ā§Ļā§Ļā§Ž-ā§Ļ⧝
āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻĻাāύাāĻĻাāϰ āϝৌāĻ—। āĻāϰ āĻĒাāύিāϤে āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦীāĻ­ূāϤ āĻšāĻŦাāϰ āĻĒāϰ্āϝা⧟ ∆H = -50kj āĻ“ āϏংāĻļ্āϞিāώ্āϟ āĻāύāĻĨাāϞāĻĒি ∆H2= +10kj । āϤাāĻšāϞে, āϝৌāĻ—āϟিāϰ āĻĒাāύি āϝোāϜāύ āĻāύāĻĨাāϞāĻĒি,
∆H = ∆H1 + ∆H2
∆H1= ∆H - ∆H2
   = -50 – 10
   = -60 kj
  • 10 g āĻĒাāύি 4°C āĻĨেāĻ•ে 14°C āϤাāĻĒāĻŽাāϤ্āϰা⧟ āωāύ্āύীāϤ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒ্āϰ⧟োāϜāύ- 100 Cal āϤাāĻĒ
⧍ā§Ļā§Ļā§Š-ā§Ļā§Ē
  • āĻŦা⧟ুāϰ āĻ…āύুāĻĒāϏ্āĻĨিāϤিāϤে āωāϚ্āϚāĻŽাāϤ্āϰা⧟ (600°C) āĻ•াāĻ āĻ•ে āĻĻāĻšāύ āĻ•āϰāϞে āĻĒাāĻ“ā§Ÿা āϝাāĻŦে- āĻ•োāĻ•
⧧⧝⧝⧝-⧍ā§Ļā§Ļā§Ļ
  • āĻĻ্āĻŦি-āĻŦিāϝোāϜāύ āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি⧟া- AgNO3 + NaCl ⇒ AgCl + NaNO3
  • āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖ āϤাāĻĒ- āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖ āĻĒ্āϰāϏ্āϤুāϤāĻ•াāϞে āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāύ্āύ āĻŦা āĻļোāώিāϤ āϤাāĻĒ
ā§§ā§¯ā§¯ā§Ž-⧧⧝⧝⧝
  • āϤাāĻĒāĻšাāϰী āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি⧟া- N2 + O2 ⇒ 2NO
⧧⧝⧝⧭-ā§§ā§¯ā§¯ā§Ž
  • āĻĻ্āĻŦি-āĻŦিāϝোāϜāύ āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি⧟া- AgNO3 + NaCl ⇒ NaNO3 + AgCl

  1. āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦāĻŦিāĻĻ্āϝাāϞ⧟েāϰ āĻŦিāĻ—āϤ āĻŦāĻ›āϰেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύ :
  • āĻ•োāύ āĻŦāύ্āϧāύāϟি āϏāĻŦāϚে⧟ে āĻļāĻ•্āϤিāĻļাāϞী- N≡N (N-H, C≡C, C═O)
  • āĻĒ্āϰāĻŽাāĻŖ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা⧟ āϏāĻ•āϞ āĻŽৌāϞেāϰ āϏংāĻ—āĻ āύ āϤাāĻĒ- 0

āĻĒāϰিāĻŽিāϤিāϰ āĻ…āĻ™্āĻ•āĻ—ুāϞো āĻāĻ• āύিāĻŽিāώে āϏāϞ্āĻ­ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϟ্āϰিāĻ•āϏ ! āĻĒāϰিāĻŽিāϤি āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ে āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻŽেāĻ—া āĻĒোāϏ্āϟ, āύা āĻĒ⧜āϞে āĻ…āύেāĻ• āĻ•িāĻ›ুāχ āĻŽিāϏ āĻ•āϰāĻŦেāύ ।

āĻĒāϰিāĻŽিāϤি āϜিāύিāϏāϟা āĻ…āύেāĻ•েāϰ āĻ•াāĻ›েāχ āĻ–ুāĻŦ āĻ•āĻ িāύ । āĻāϤ্āϤ āĻāϤ্āϤ āϏূāϤ্āϰ āĻŽāύে āϰাāĻ–āϤে āĻ—ি⧟ে āϤো āĻĒ্āϰা⧟ āϏāĻŦাāϰāχ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা āĻ–াāϰাāĻĒ । āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻāĻ•āϟু āϟেāĻ•āύিāĻ•্āϝাāϞি āĻĒāϰিāĻŽিāϤি āĻŦুāĻāϤে āĻĒাāϰāϞে, āĻāϟা āĻ•োāύ āĻŦ্āϝাāĻĒাāϰāχ āύা ! āϤāĻ–āύ āĻĒāϰিāĻŽিāϤিāϰ āĻ…āĻ™্āĻ•āĻ—ুāϞো āĻŽāύে āĻšāĻŦে āĻ—েāĻŽ āĻ–েāϞাāϰ āĻŽāϤ :p

āϝাāχ āĻšোāĻ•, āĻ•āĻĨা āύা āĻŦা⧜ি⧟ে āφāϞোāϚāύা āĻļুāϰু āĻ•āϰি ...
https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaqD2nvUyV2VKzXeIdb_wb3Pd0lvwawta2Lju_pSl_3Sfn9mctVuf0rP6kiVT7R_ETZSSDKZRJln20NtqHKa4YvOu5rUqudUPZ569ztezFwQX81wZJFcCKtcV2T1ZCth0UdpZsL4ggi2Y/s1600/men1.jpg 

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXmZ8JtaLbhAG1T4chBiPUNcIOOEM1ll_Le1cYpDCanCFUkugZCnj63vSTaagA8UxUoxyxmBfsgIpwemls9eaqrZMLm10kDC88fRga-q0ZI2dJkCATnZpPTtQH99E6UOb4cdnQWuPAYaw/s1600/men2.jpg

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWSSCP4AJtonZan3kUSfKAFR2_y0C-Y81bdf-hTx-dUHFRjNhN17xpmrHonDwSVcOpqVr_1fs2UNlFHJR3PWKO7L9FivxVdOTTEu49qqdC1woAvXJOMN3P0ng5cwUB70VOL_YgNDFfP-A/s1600/men3.jpg 

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSqAxZpIu4naVv2gyNQqeD6koFZb6heBYCb5rbnPgUmrTw-HBKkpnt_7fufxs_OFMjQqPIEo-y_cAdJPuD2GSyZSTUKvf-Y85GZuHdbQmCDw4HP66pasBFPcr0AbJzRN7TnqdcNGz22Is/s1600/men4.jpg

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQAZ2edzuYuBqldmS-YyGZMK9wRgvWbTqvMrEuejdhW-_fNz9Y8vMvUJffXF6Q6qQ5WqAtFC_PcEUX1Ki93ZTPTFV3mybrXfG62lj2TI9XI8qhpdQBOg4Bfs2dC7CF_nMPCoKTbR5xGHg/s1600/men5.jpg 

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeQR5PQvYzJv4fnc9RDQS9xQZoL7Wf9VbMFwxqlSpKb94cw6-4EVOajZjGtDl1fIzkUyhwpbIwFdvwOg5hcA22UvP3OQquNpxjf19-OM1-V0J7LjQLMcPoA4f17tI4q6Lzw-8SvJNglck/s1600/men6.jpg

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwNayOC1CB0gNPLLp7InN36BP_ieMY-hyJJSAY6tLjqnG3dam7OVx3jckaDO04nnCuQrSGOwkg0YXV2PuAVyr_l7c4h8LkQTYdvR9yNswVA1kz9Ti2xLNvuKi2_PmUMcqdeRsvaavVq-8/s1600/men7.jpg 

āĻāĻŦাāϰ āφāϏা āϝা āĻĒ্āϰ্āϝাāĻ•āϟিāϏ āĻ…ংāĻļে :) 

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx_LzP9qj2bNQTg0Job7fuVHbTIequS_4UTPV18uhobG26s4JchrbGZaIPye_Ko9y6fBrkM1ul_3OvZ9XZ8x-dCiP_hk42Q4wxOrnzjq1q6Swi5cTM5e7_gLhXdjlVx6tkmUn63k92ZdQ/s1600/Men+ex1.jpg

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1Y7oKXs1yG0Jxurrm7DVnywvB2huUjR3ViwhzvYemQlVLmsFXz8RSqvPeyu2sC4iTzvF6J9m2tNunoNm19kE8w9NtBdDlGCCMwwSMfHE7Le-ymccdU-YLTOoX79C0pZN8ltUsWOnugXI/s1600/men+ex2.jpg 

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggFul6hBlGXNTwCURLrMQvE6oVy22IzPVuqLMPMf2EOmxitcUsxvAEc1oqitWZRemXjvK93-560N3RF5afayIcjeSj3Mx8hUjLTxSi9Qb4te9oKuIVc76oadkB77wIUriT5mIlKdYHQaE/s1600/Men+ex3.jpg

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj03FW5zTaiwE_Pb5xowDv2BIjgh7ejB0dXPlE1Hov19rkg9f6-GRVIXzFIreUHsZ-2Qy5kB8xVirX3RTEY5_Of-o_VhQAwrM1hu-RXMgMyH_7SVEt4PZeraoFVCeHLezcrHePcTCxb7gw/s1600/Men+ex4.jpg 

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVMCy-FIIiPX5rB6snwaGViWGhIQiDm0A-bvlH4JF3EvEu84FmCTS7b5C7V5tRx3jHOxCPahUv07DWNBtOdX9iktmFCdVrsQvI72dN72MFKmBsE_nG0mtLole_DE7FLaqRXvXeJciVQXo/s1600/Men+ex5.jpg

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVcL1RYqZSFRaThkLhrbFuNcd-FuDWZPLCLOrrqqVhEacQHO0Zex0UAxrsD-cnIZAZ7BO2aMGoRA532j83LZfO_P0mYNIXw6jKQ3jd2UTxRcjz4zQDfUFkMOYFQoOdDHkvTY1jSwBwh_c/s1600/Men+ex6.jpg 

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUjrOA808NbIJ6QZgG3Sjar4kOY5MpGTwDu6I9vIkI75pglxf9_YS-KMj4E7hZ3bjk2s9cENfXuySgvywisOe7hoSl-hIAcI8OaV9cG5vOQxMQ1kUpwj2-SUl3lwcwiHcyG_YfXADZdJs/s1600/Men+ex7.jpg

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirhg2Dq36-pwfhroPpbr_j1_ukZqpqQMbJUumxeTZfKqnkLr2LrI95Miue3qdK4q5Yg9uHka8IXBxBQN3-ns7MrkCpGXA5DZdz2lRMEeaYPD0YmG5dsTvpVKEpZSXv25Gm5CvMdcgVJcw/s1600/Men+ex8.jpg 

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb1MQkX2cKyrsZyktQthYjNFw2amDdf0Xs4ij0t3sJTwIX_pYs-BQcA22vnyjTCn9hhU9LN4dhG-1YxmbnRfcqPw9CueUCeZIZ95mcVUM1hsdoRl9TVAn8q1d7-OWedEXY2zkQZv1W__E/s1600/Men+ex15+extra.jpg

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8DkX2PAGitFLwtQL82yE5iH00FZXG1Tpp_qVFjfQnBuEMwFfQCLXymQtSwnjOC449l5B8UjcyzpvbM7u2z5f_UlIBHNuk4_VWyrEADagkEEV8Y0X1GYgpyDycJBkbTxZD0fwGNI7ewhU/s1600/Men+ex9.jpg 

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsVeVfko6mzpt5w69y3WJKOd0Ny5pThZDhUfpu27iyk0vPkzFmQwvOlCX6MgpnbLQZ8-QLIDvUlE12oNzjsrzOpA4Ey2qpDMedFuI9zUgQaJSb-6yRAtEF6cIMI4EWxSVyyPptNXnJyB0/s1600/Men+ex11.jpg

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtfeiED8hoKwXHfTtdcWXMMBw2O-2TK92pQMHXuSvGREhoxRf0cwDY6Fyy6AGo6YcEStRzsOaq3SgHvU6Dj-NG154gUG_4nNFJzcVkdjgmB7PsHF2QH0gDdDrU7-AvDQgnLBo62ip2dE0/s1600/Men+ex12.jpg 

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxxu8xC1FpzKewr0iSYF9V5MpU0B5zgcdeTYsIabdxL85GvWRPVghqn3ZNxxIErICJ5SvGunRBBZfCvxWtWNWYx7Dxe1rLwwdKmaBgI_hBCyJUlEn52gbZLHC9mrXp8_jZsm4fuaRQGa0/s1600/Men+ex13.jpg

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUmRwG9gQrW5buyNwHUAF1v7Y5rLkk13zQN7yZ1nrGf_c-PqdEhDohGSQfb9WjAZHK2n1EAV_-Yaxitqd_Dhp-mciE46J9wdEh4I0G5KPXybe1XuaNP10GmgLoXxcQ3TuXKydkBwIrnCg/s1600/Men+ex14.jpg 


āĻāĻ–াāύেāχ āĻļেāώ āĻ•āϰāĻ›ি । āϧāύ্āϝāĻŦাāĻĻ āϏāĻŦাāχāĻ•ে ... 

āϰāϏা⧟āύেāϰ āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻāĻ•āϟা āĻ…āϧ্āϝা⧟-āϰাāϏা⧟āύিāĻ• āĻ—āύāύা


 

āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āϤāĻĨ্āϝ āĻ“ āϏংāϜ্āĻžা:
  • āϝৌāĻ—েāϰ āϝে āĻ•োāύ āĻŽৌāϞেāϰ āĻļāϤāĻ•āϰা āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāĻŖ =
  • 1 amn = 1.66056×10-24g
  • āϏ্āĻĨূāϞ āϏংāĻ•েāϤ āϝৌāĻ—েāϰ āĻ…āĻŖুāϤে āĻŦিāĻĻ্āϝāĻŽাāύ āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻŽৌāϞেāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŽাāĻŖু āϏংāĻ–্āϝাāϰ āĻ•্āώুāĻĻ্āϰāϤāĻŽ āĻ…āύুāĻĒাāϤ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰে
  • āφāĻŖāĻŦিāĻ• āϏংāĻ•েāϤ = n× āϏ্āĻĨূāϞ āϏংāĻ•েāϤ
  • āĻ…্āϝাāĻ­োāĻ—্āϝাāĻĄ্āϰোāϰ āϏংāĻ–্āϝা, N = 6.023×1023

  • āĻŽোāϞ āĻ­āĻ—্āύাংāĻļ : āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖেāϰ āĻ•োāύ āωāĻĒাāĻĻাāύেāϰ āĻŽোāϞ āϏংāĻ–্āϝা āĻ“ āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖে āĻŦিāĻĻ্āϝāĻŽাāύ āϏāĻŦ āωāĻĒাāĻĻাāύেāϰ āĻŽোāϞ āϏংāĻ–্āϝাāϰ āϝোāĻ—āĻĢāϞেāϰ āĻ…āύুāĻĒাāϤāĻ•ে āϏে āωāĻĒাāĻĻাāύেāϰ āĻŽোāϞ āĻ­āĻ—্āύাংāĻļ āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§Ÿ

  • āϏ্āĻĨূāϞ āϏংāĻ•েāϤ : āĻ•োāύ āϝৌāĻ—েāϰ āĻ…āĻŖুāϤে āĻ•োāύ āĻ•োāύ āĻŽৌāϞ āφāĻ›ে āĻāĻŦং āϏে āϏāĻŦ āĻŽৌāϞেāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŽাāĻŖুāϏāĻŽূāĻšেāϰ āϏংāĻ–্āϝা āĻ•ি āĻ•্āώুāĻĻ্āϰāϤāĻŽ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖāϏংāĻ–্āϝাāϰ āĻ…āύুāĻĒাāϤে āφāĻ›ে, āϤাāϰ āϏংāĻ•্āώিāĻĒ্āϤ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļāĻ•ে āϐ āϝৌāĻ—েāϰ āϏ্āĻĨূāϞ āϏংāĻ•েāϤ āĻŦāϞে

  • āφāĻŖāĻŦিāĻ• āϏংāĻ•েāϤ : āĻ•োāύ āϝৌāĻ—েāϰ āĻ…āĻŖুāϤে āĻ•োāύ āĻ•োāύ āĻŽৌāϞ āφāĻ›ে āĻāĻŦং āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϟি āĻŽৌāϞেāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŽাāĻŖুāϏāĻŽূāĻšেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•ৃāϤ āϏংāĻ–্āϝা āĻ•āϤ āϤাāϰ āϏংāĻ•্āώিāĻĒ্āϤ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļāĻ•ে āϐ āϝৌāĻ—েāϰ āφāĻŖāĻŦিāĻ• āϏংāĻ•েāϤ āĻŦāϞে

  • āĻŽোāϞ : āĻ•োāύ āϝৌāĻ—েāϰ āφāĻŖāĻŦিāĻ• āĻ­āϰāĻ•ে āĻ—্āϰাāĻŽে āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϞে āϝে āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāĻŖ āĻĒাāĻ“ā§Ÿা āϝা⧟ āϏে āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāĻŖāĻ•ে āϤাāϰ āĻāĻ• āĻŽোāϞ āĻŦāϞে

  • āĻ—্āϰাāĻŽ āĻĒাāϰāĻŽাāĻŖāĻŦিāĻ• āĻ­āϰ : āĻ•োāύ āĻŽৌāϞেāϰ āĻĒাāϰāĻŽাāĻŖāĻŦিāĻ• āĻ­āϰāĻ•ে āĻ—্āϰাāĻŽে āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϞে āϝে āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāĻŖ āĻĒাāĻ“ā§Ÿা āϝা⧟, āϏে āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāĻŖāĻ•ে āϤাāϰ āĻāĻ• āĻ—্āϰাāĻŽ-āĻĒাāϰāĻŽাāĻŖāĻŦিāĻ• āĻ­āϰ āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§Ÿ; āφāϧুāύিāĻ• āύি⧟āĻŽে āĻāĻ•েāĻ“ āĻāĻ• āĻŽোāϞ āĻĒāϰāĻŽাāĻŖু āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§Ÿ

  • āĻ…্āϝাāĻ­োāĻ—্āϝাāĻĄ্āϰো āϏংāĻ–্āϝা : āĻ•োāύ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāϰ āĻāĻ• āĻŽোāϞ āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāĻŖে āϝāϤ āϏংāĻ–্āϝāĻ• āĻ…āĻŖু āĻĨাāĻ•ে, āϏেāχ āϏংāĻ–্āϝাāĻ•ে āĻ…্āϝাāĻ­োāĻ—্āϝাāĻĄ্āϰো āϏংāĻ–্āϝা āĻŦāϞে। āĻāĻ•ে āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻāϰ āĻŽাāύ āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে 6.023×1023

  • āĻŽোāϞাāϰ āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖ : āĻ•োāύ āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤি āϞিāϟাāϰে āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦ āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦীāĻ­ূāϤ āĻĨাāĻ•āϞে āϤাāĻ•ে āĻŽোāϞাāϰ āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖ āĻŦāϞে

  • āĻŽোāϞাāϰিāϟি āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖ : āĻ•োāύ āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤি āϞিāϟাāϰে āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦীāĻ­ূāϤ āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦেāϰ āĻŽোāϞ āϏংāĻ–্āϝাāĻ•ে āϐ āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖেāϰ āĻŽোāϞাāϰিāϟি āĻŦāϞে

  • āĻŽোāϞাāϞিāϟি : āĻĒ্āϰāϤি āĻĻ্āϰাāĻŦāĻ•ে āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦীāĻ­ূāϤ āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦেāϰ āĻŽোāϞ āϏংāĻ–্āϝাāĻ•ে āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖেāϰ āĻŽোāϞাāϞিāϟি āĻŦāϞে

  • āϟাāχāϟ্āϰেāĻļāύ āĻŦা āĻ…āύুāĻŽাāĻĒāύ : āωāĻĒāϝুāĻ•্āϤ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāĻ•েāϰ āωāĻĒāϏ্āĻĨিāϤিāϤে āĻāĻ•āϟি āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āĻ†ā§ŸāϤāύেāϰ āĻ•োāύ āĻĒāϰীāĻ•্āώাāϧীāύ āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖেāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻĒ্āϰāĻŽাāĻŖ āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖেāϰ āĻŽাāϤ্āϰিāĻ• āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি⧟া āϏংāϘāϟিāϤ āĻ•āϰে āĻĒ্āϰāĻŽাāĻŖ āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖেāϰ āϤুāϞ্āϝ āĻ†ā§ŸāϤāύ āύিāϰ্āϪ⧟েāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āĻĒāϰীāĻ•্āώাāϧীāύ āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖেāϰ āϘāύāĻŽাāϤ্āϰা āύিāϰ্āϪ⧟েāϰ āĻĒāĻĻ্āϧāϤিāĻ•ে āϟাāχāϟ্āϰেāĻļāύ āĻŦা āĻ…āύুāĻŽাāĻĒāύ āĻŦāϞে

  • āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖেāϰ āĻŽোāϞাāϰিāϟি āĻāĻŦং āύāϰāĻŽাāϞিāϟি āϤাāĻĒāĻŽাāϤ্āϰা āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āĻĒ্āϰāĻ­াāĻŦিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻŽোāϞাāϰিāϟি āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āϤাāĻĒāĻŽাāϤ্āϰাāϰ āĻ•োāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ­াāĻŦ āύেāχ
  • āĻ…āĻŽ্āϞ āĻ•্āώাāϰāĻ• āĻĒ্āϰāĻļāĻŽāύ āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি⧟া⧟ āϏāĻŽাāύ āĻ†ā§ŸāϤāύে āĻāĻ• āĻ•্āώাāϰāĻ•ী⧟ āĻ…āĻŽ্āϞেāϰ 1.0 āĻŽোāϞাāϰ āĻ“ āĻāĻ• āĻ…āĻŽ্āϞী⧟ āĻ•্āώাāϰāĻ•েāϰ 1.0 āĻŽোāϞাāϰ āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖāϰূāĻĒে āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ

āĻĒ্āϰাāχāĻŽাāϰি āϏ্āϟ্āϝাāύ্āĻĄাāϰ্āĻĄ āĻĒāĻĻাāϰ্āĻĨ :
ā§§. āĻŦিāĻļুāĻĻ্āϧ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা⧟ āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āϏংāϝুāĻ•্āϤিāϤে āĻĒাāĻ“ā§Ÿা āϝা⧟
⧍. āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāĻŖ āĻ“āϜāύ āĻ•āϰে āĻĒ্āϰāĻŽাāĻŖ āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖ āĻĒ্āϰāϏ্āϤুāϤ āĻ•āϰা āϝা⧟
ā§Š. āĻĒাāύিāϤ্āϝাāĻ—ী, āĻĒাāύিāĻ—্āϰাāĻšী āĻ“ āĻĒাāύিāĻ—্āϰাāϏী āύ⧟
ā§Ē. āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖেāϰ āĻŽাāϤ্āϰা āĻ…āύেāĻ•āĻĻিāύ āĻĒāϰ্āϝāύ্āϤ āĻ…āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤিāϤ āĻĨাāĻ•ে
ā§Ģ. āĻŦা⧟ুāϰ āϜāϞী⧟ āĻŦাāώ্āĻĒ āĻ“ āϜীāĻŦাāĻŖু āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āφāĻ•্āϰাāύ্āϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āύা
āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ- āĻ…āύাāϰ্āĻĻ্āϰ āϏোāĻĄি⧟াāĻŽ āĻ•াāϰ্āĻŦāύেāϟ (Na2CO3), K2Cr2O7, āφāϰ্āĻĻ্āϰ āĻ…āĻ•্āϏাāϞিāĻ• āĻāϏিāĻĄ (H7C7O4.2H2O), āϏোāĻĄি⧟াāĻŽ āĻ…āĻ•্āϏাāϞেāϟ, āϏাāĻ•āϏিāύিāĻ• āĻāϏিāĻĄ

āϏেāĻ•েāύ্āĻĄাāϰি āϏ্āϟ্āϝাāύ্āĻĄাāϰ্āĻĄ āĻĒāĻĻাāϰ্āĻĨ :
ā§§. āĻāĻĻেāϰ āĻŦিāĻļুāĻĻ্āϧ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা⧟ āĻ“ āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āϏংāϝুāĻ•্āϤিāϤে āĻĒাāĻ“ā§Ÿা āϝা⧟ āύা
⧍. āĻ•োāύāϟি āĻĒাāύিāĻ—্āϰাāĻšী āĻŦা āĻĒাāύিāϤ্āϝাāĻ—ী
ā§Š. āĻ—্āϝাāϏ āĻļোāώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰে
ā§Ē. āϜীāĻŦাāĻŖু āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āφāĻ•্āϰাāύ্āϤ āĻšā§Ÿ
ā§Ģ. āϰাāϏা⧟āύিāĻ• āύিāĻ•্āϤিāϤে āϏāĻ িāĻ• āĻ“āϜāύ āύি⧟ে āĻĒ্āϰāĻŽাāĻŖ āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖ āĻĒ্āϰāϏ্āϤুāϤ āĻ•āϰা āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦ āύ⧟
ā§Ŧ. āĻāĻĻেāϰ āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖেāϰ āĻŽাāϤ্āϰা āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ
āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ- H2SO4, NaOH, KOH, Na2S2O3, KMnO4, HCl

āĻ…্āϝাāĻ­োāĻ—্āϝাāĻĄ্āϰো āϏংāĻ–্āϝা āĻ“ āĻŽোāϞাāϰ āĻ†ā§ŸāϤāύেāϰ āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦ :
1 āĻŽোāϞ āĻ…āĻŖু = 1 āĻ—্āϰাāĻŽ āφāĻŖāĻŦিāĻ• āĻ­āϰ = 22.4 dm3 (N.T.P āϤে) = 6.023×1023 āϟি āĻ…āĻŖু
1 āϟি āĻ…āĻŖুāϰ āĻ­āϰ =  gm
1 āĻ—্āϰাāĻŽ āĻ—্āϝাāϏে āĻ…āĻŖুāϰ āϏংāĻ–্āϝা =  āϟি
1 āĻ—্āϰাāĻŽ āĻ—্āϝাāϏেāϰ N.T.PāϤে āĻ†ā§ŸāϤāύ =  dm3
1 āϟি āĻ…āĻŖুāϰ N.T.PāϤে āĻ†ā§ŸāϤāύ =  dm3
N.T.PāϤে dm3 āĻ—্āϝাāϏেāϰ āĻ…āĻŖুāϰ āϏংāĻ–্āϝা =  āϟি
āĻŽৌāϞেāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻĒāϰāĻŽাāĻŖুāϰ āĻ­āϰ =  gm

āϘāύāĻŽাāϤ্āϰাāϰ āĻŽাāύ āĻ…āύুāϏাāϰে āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖেāϰ āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āύাāĻŽ āĻšā§Ÿ। āϝেāĻŽāύ-
1 dm3 āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖে āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦীāĻ­ূāϤ
āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦেāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāĻŖ (āĻŽোāϞ)
āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖেāϰ āϘāύāĻŽাāϤ্āϰা
āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖেāϰ āύাāĻŽ
1.0
1.0M
āĻŽোāϞাāϰ āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖ
0.5
0.5M āĻŦা M/2
āϏেāĻŽি āĻŽোāϞাāϰ āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖ
0.1
0.1M āĻŦা M/10
āĻĄেāϏি āĻŽোāϞাāϰ āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖ
0.01
0.01 āĻŦা M/100
āϏেāύ্āϟি āĻŽোāϞাāϰ āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖ


āĻŽোāϞাāϰিāϟি āύিāϰ্āϪ⧟েāϰ āϏূāϤ্āϰ :
aMBVB = bMAVA
VA = āĻāϏিāĻĄেāϰ āĻ†ā§ŸāϤāύ
MA = āĻāϏিāĻĄেāϰ āĻŽোāϞাāϰিāϟি
VB = āĻ•্āώাāϰেāϰ āĻ†ā§ŸāϤāύ
MB = āĻ•্āώাāϰেāϰ āĻŽোāϞাāϰিāϟি
b = āĻ•্āώাāϰেāϰ āϏāĻšāĻ—
a = āĻāϏিāĻĄেāϰ āϏāĻšāĻ—
āϝāĻ–āύ āĻāϏিāĻĄ āĻ“ āĻ•্āώাāϰ āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ– āĻĨাāĻ•āĻŦে āύা āĻŦা āϝে āĻ•োāύ āĻāĻ•āϟি āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ– āĻĨাāĻ•āĻŦে, āϤāĻ–āύ āϏূāϤ্āϰāϟি āĻšāĻŦে-
V1S1 = V2S2

  • āĻĒ্āϰāĻļāĻŽāύ āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি⧟া⧟ āĻāϏিāĻĄ āĻ“ āĻ•্āώাāϰেāϰ āϏāĻŽāϤুāϞ্āϝ āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāĻŖে āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি⧟া āĻ•āϰে
  • 5% NaOH āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖ āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻĒ্āϰāĻŽাāĻŖ āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖ
  • āĻļāĻ•্āϤিāĻļাāϞী āĻāϏিāĻĄ āĻ“ āĻļāĻ•্āϤিāĻļাāϞী āĻ•্āώাāϰেāϰ āϟাāχāϟ্āϰেāĻļāύ āϝে āĻ•োāύ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāĻ• āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰা āϝা⧟
  • āĻļāĻ•্āϤিāĻļাāϞী āĻāϏিāĻĄ āĻ“ āĻĻুāϰ্āĻŦāϞ āĻ•্āώাāϰেāϰ āϟাāχāϟ্āϰেāĻļāύে āĻŽিāĻĨাāχāϞ āĻ…āϰেāĻž্āϜ āωāϤ্āϤāĻŽ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāĻ•
  • āĻĻুāϰ্āĻŦāϞ āĻāϏিāĻĄ āĻ“ āĻļāĻ•্āϤিāĻļাāϞী āĻ•্āώাāϰেāϰ āϟাāχāϟ্āϰেāĻļāύে āωāϤ্āϤāĻŽ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāĻ• āĻĢেāύāϞāĻĢāĻĨ্āϝাāϞিāύ
  • āĻĒ্āϰāĻŽাāĻŖ āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖāĻ•ে āϝে āĻ…āϜ্āĻžাāϤ āϘāύāĻŽাāϤ্āϰাāϰ āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϝোāĻ— āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ āϤাāĻ•ে āϟ্āϰাāχāϟ্āϰেāϟ āĻŦāϞে
  • āϰāĻ•্āϤ āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻŦাāĻĢাāϰ āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖ āĻāĻŦং āĻāϟিāϤে āĻŽূāϞ āĻŦাāĻĢাāϰ HCO3 । āĻāĻ›া⧜াāĻ“ PO43- āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ


āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻŽৌāϞেāϰ āĻĒাāϰāĻŽাāĻŖāĻŦিāĻ• āĻ­āϰ : (āĻ—াāĻŖিāϤিāĻ• āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϝা āϏāĻŽাāϧাāύেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻĒাāϰāĻŽাāĻŖāĻŦিāĻ• āĻ­āϰ ।āĻ…āĻŦāĻļ্āϝāχ āĻŽুāĻ–āϏ্āϤ āϰাāĻ–āϤে āĻšāĻŦে ।)


āĻŽৌāϞ
āĻĒাāϰāĻŽাāĻŖāĻŦিāĻ• āĻ­āϰ
āĻšাāχāĻĄ্āϰোāϜেāύ
1H
1
āĻ•াāϰ্āĻŦāύ
6C
12
āύাāχāϟ্āϰোāϜেāύ
7N
14
āĻ…āĻ•্āϏিāϜেāύ
8O
16
āĻĢ্āϞোāϰিāύ
9F
19
āϏোāĻĄি⧟াāĻŽ
11Na
23
āĻŽ্āϝাāĻ—āύেāϏি⧟াāĻŽ
12Mg
24
āĻ…্āϝাāϞুāĻŽিāύি⧟াāĻŽ
13Al
27
āϏিāϞিāĻ•āύ
14Si
28
āĻĢāϏāĻĢāϰাāϏ
15P
31
āϏাāϞāĻĢাāϰ
16S
32
āĻ•্āϞোāϰিāύ
17Cl
35.5
āĻĒāϟাāĻļি⧟াāĻŽ
19K
39.1
āĻ•্āϝাāϞāϏি⧟াāĻŽ
20Ca
40
āĻ•্āϰোāĻŽি⧟াāĻŽ
24Cr
52
āĻŽ্āϝাāĻ™্āĻ—াāύিāϜ
25Mn
55
āĻ†ā§Ÿāϰāύ
26Fe
55.85
āύিāĻ•েāϞ
28Ni
58.69
āĻ•āĻĒাāϰ
29Cu
63.5
āϜিংāĻ•
30Zn
65.38
āϏিāϞāĻ­াāϰ
47Ag
107.88
āĻŽাāϰ্āĻ•াāϰি
80Hg
200
āĻ—োāϞ্āĻĄ
79Au
197

āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻĒ্āϰ⧟োāϜāύী⧟ āϏূāϤ্āϰ :
āĻāϏিāĻĄেāϰ āϤুāϞ্āϝ āĻ­āϰ =
āĻ•্āώাāϰেāϰ āϤুāϞ্āϝ āĻ­āϰ =

āϞāĻŦāĻŖেāϰ āϤুāϞ্āϝ āĻ­āϰ =

āĻĒ্āϰāϤি āϞিāϟাāϰ āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦেāϰ āĻ—্āϰাāĻŽ āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āĻ­āϰ = āύāϰāĻŽাāϞিāϟি × āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦেāϰ āϤুāϞ্āϝ āĻ­āϰ
1cm3 = 1ml = 1
1000cm3 = 1dm3 = 1L
1000dm3 = 1m3


āϏংāĻ–্āϝা āĻŦিāώ⧟āĻ• āĻ•িāĻ›ু āϤāĻĨ্āϝ :
40cm3 (M/2) H2SO4 ≡ 20cm3 1(M)H2SO4
35cm3 2(M)H2SO4 ≡ 70cm3 1(M)H2SO4
60cm3 (M/10)NaOH ≡ 6cm3 1(M) NaOH
700ml 0.7(M)HCl ≡ 490ml 1(M) HCl

āϏāĻŽাāϏ āĻ•ি ? āϏাāĻĨে āĻĨাāĻ•āĻ›ে āĻŦোāϰ্āĻĄ āĻŦāĻ‡ā§Ÿে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āϤāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āϏāĻŽাāϏেāϰ āĻ›āĻ• |


āϏāĻŽাāϏ: āϏāĻŽাāϏ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻেāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻŽিāϞāύ। āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āϏāĻŽ্āĻŦāύ্āϧ āφāĻ›ে āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ•াāϧিāĻ• āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻেāϰ āĻŽিāϞিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿে āĻāĻ•āϟি āύāϤুāύ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āϤৈāϰিāϰ āĻŦ্āϝাāĻ•āϰāĻŖ āϏāĻŽ্āĻŽāϤ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•্āϰি⧟াāĻ•েāχ āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§Ÿ āϏāĻŽাāϏ। āĻŽূāϞāϤ, āϏāĻŽাāϏে āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝাংāĻļ āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻে āĻĒāϰিāĻŖāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ। āϏāĻŽাāϏেāϰ āϰীāϤি āĻŦাংāϞা⧟ āĻāϏেāĻ›ে āϏংāϏ্āĻ•ৃāϤ āĻ­াāώা āĻĨেāĻ•ে।

āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝে āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻেāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āĻŽাāύোāϰ āωāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝে āϏāĻŽাāϏ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ।

āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ–্āϝ, āϏāĻŽাāϏ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āϏāĻŽ্āĻŦāύ্āϧāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻāĻ•াāϧিāĻ• āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻেāϰ āĻŽিāϞāύ। āφāϰ āϏāύ্āϧি āĻĒাāĻļাāĻĒাāĻļি āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ āĻĻুāχāϟি āϧ্āĻŦāύিāϰ āĻŽিāϞāύ।

āϏāĻŽাāϏেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻ•ā§ŸেāĻ•āϟি āϏংāϜ্āĻžা/ āϟাāϰ্āĻŽāϏ āϜাāύা āĻ–ুāĻŦāχ āϜāϰুāϰি। āĻāĻ—ুāϞো āĻšāϞো-

āĻŦ্āϝাāϏāĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ: āϝে āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝাংāĻļ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϏāĻŽাāϏেāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āύāϤুāύ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āϤৈāϰি āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤাāĻ•ে āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§Ÿ āĻŦ্āϝাāϏāĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ। āĻāĻ•ে āϏāĻŽাāϏāĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āĻŦা āĻŦিāĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāĻ“ āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§Ÿ।

āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻĒāĻĻ: āĻŦ্āϝাāϏāĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϏāĻŽাāϏেāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āϝে āύāϤুāύ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āϤৈāϰি āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤাāĻ•ে āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§Ÿ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻĒāĻĻ।

āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϝāĻŽাāύ āĻĒāĻĻ: āĻŦ্āϝাāϏāĻŦাāĻ•্āϝেāϰ āϝে āϏāĻŦ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻĒāĻĻে āĻ…āύ্āϤāϰ্āĻ—āϤ āĻĨাāĻ•ে, āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āϏেāχ āϏāĻŦ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻ•ে āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϝāĻŽাāύ āĻĒāĻĻ āĻŦāϞে।

āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻĒāĻĻ : āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ…ংāĻļ/ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻ•ে āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻĒāĻĻ āĻŦāϞে। āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž, āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϝāĻŽাāύ āĻĒāĻĻāχ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻĒāĻĻ।

āĻĒāϰāĻĒāĻĻ/ āωāϤ্āϤāϰāĻĒāĻĻ: āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻļেāώ āĻ…ংāĻļ/ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻ•ে āĻĒāϰāĻĒāĻĻ/ āωāϤ্āϤāϰāĻĒāĻĻ āĻŦāϞে। āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž, āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻļেāώ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϝāĻŽাāύ āĻĒāĻĻāχ āĻĒāϰāĻĒāĻĻ।

āϝেāĻŽāύ, āϏিংāĻš āϚিāĻš্āύিāϤ āφāϏāύ = āϏিংāĻšাāϏāύ
āĻāĻ–াāύে āĻŦ্āϝাāϏāĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āĻšāϞো- ‘āϏিংāĻš āϚিāĻš্āύিāϤ āφāϏāύ’। āφāϰ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻĒāĻĻ āĻšāϞো ‘āϏিংāĻšাāϏāύ’। āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϝāĻŽাāύ āĻĒāĻĻ āĻšāϞো ‘āϏিংāĻš’ āφāϰ ‘āφāϏāύ’। āĻāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে ‘āϏিংāĻš’ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻĒāĻĻ, āφāϰ ‘āφāϏāύ’ āĻĒāϰāĻĒāĻĻ।

āφāĻŦাāϰ, āφāĻŽিāώেāϰ āĻ…āĻ­াāĻŦ = āύিāϰাāĻŽিāώ
āĻāĻ–াāύে, āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻĒāĻĻ ‘āύিঃ’ āĻŦা āĻ…āĻ­াāĻŦ। āφāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻĒāĻĻ āĻšāϞো ‘āφāĻŽিāώ’।
āωāϞেāϞāĻ–্āϝ, āĻāĻ•āχ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻĒāĻĻ āĻ•ā§ŸেāĻ•āĻ­াāĻŦে āĻ­েāĻ™ে āĻ•ā§ŸেāĻ•āϟি āĻŦ্āϝাāϏāĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āϤৈāϰি āĻ•āϰা āϝেāϤে āĻĒাāϰে। āĻāĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āϏāĻ িāĻ• āĻŦ্āϝাāϏāĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāĻ“ āĻ•ā§ŸেāĻ•āϟি āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে। āϏেāĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻŦ্āϝাāϏāĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āĻ…āύুāϝা⧟ী āϏেāϟি āĻ•োāύ āϏāĻŽাāϏ āϤা āύিāϰ্āϪ⧟ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে। āϤāĻŦে āĻ–ে⧟াāϞ āϰাāĻ–āϤে āĻšāĻŦে, āĻŦ্āϝাāϏāĻŦাāĻ•্āϝেāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨāϏāĻ™্āĻ—āϤি āϝেāύ āĻ িāĻ• āĻĨাāĻ•ে। āϝেāĻŽāύ, ‘āĻŦিāĻĒāĻĻে āφāĻĒāύ্āύ = āĻŦিāĻĒāĻĻাāĻĒāύ্āύ’, āĻāχ āϏāĻŽাāϏāϟি āĻāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻ­াāĻ™āϞে āϤা āĻ­ুāϞ āĻšāĻŦে। āĻāϟা āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে ‘āĻŦিāĻĒāĻĻāĻ•ে āφāĻĒāύ্āύ = āĻŦিāĻĒāĻĻাāĻĒāύ্āύ’।

āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāϰāĻ­েāĻĻ: āϏāĻŽাāϏ āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύāϤ ā§Ŧ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāϰ- āĻĻ্āĻŦāύ্āĻĻ্āĻŦ, āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟, āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ, āĻŦāĻšুāĻŦ্āϰীāĻšি, āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻ—ু āĻ“ āĻ…āĻŦ্āϝ⧟ীāĻ­াāĻŦ।

āϤāĻŦে āĻ…āύেāĻ•েāχ āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻ—ু āϏāĻŽাāϏāĻ•ে āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟ āϏāĻŽাāϏেāϰ āĻ…āύ্āϤāϰ্āĻ­ূāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•āϰে āĻĨাāĻ•েāύ। āφāĻŦাāϰ āĻ…āύেāĻ•ে āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟ āϏāĻŽাāϏāĻ•ে āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ āϏāĻŽাāϏেāϰ āĻ…āύ্āϤāϰ্āĻ­ূāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•āϰে āĻĨাāĻ•েāύ। āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϝāĻŽাāύ āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āϰাāϧাāύ্āϝ āĻŦিāĻŦেāϚāύা āĻ•āϰে āϤাāϰা āĻāχ āĻŽāϤ āĻĻি⧟ে āĻĨাāĻ•েāύ। āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϝāĻŽাāύ āĻĒāĻĻ āĻŦা āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻĒāĻĻ-āĻĒāϰāĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āϰাāϧাāύ্āϝ āĻŦিāĻŦেāϚāύা āĻ•āϰāϞে āĻŽূāϞāϤ āϏāĻŽাāϏ ā§Ē āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāϰ- āĻĻ্āĻŦāύ্āĻĻ্āĻŦ, āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ, āĻŦāĻšুāĻŦ্āϰীāĻšি āĻ“ āĻ…āĻŦ্āϝ⧟ীāĻ­াāĻŦ

āĻāĻ›া⧜াāĻ“ āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻ…āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āϏāĻŽাāϏāĻ“ āϰ⧟েāĻ›ে। āϝেāĻŽāύ- āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĻি, āύিāϤ্āϝ, āĻ…āϞুāĻ•, āĻĒ্āϰāĻ­ৃāϤি।

āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āϰাāϧাāύ্āϝেāϰ āĻ­িāϤ্āϤিāϤে āĻļ্āϰেāĻŖীāĻŦিāĻ­াāĻ— :

āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āϰাāϧাāύ্āϝ
āĻĒāϰāĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āϰাāϧাāύ্āϝ
āϏāĻŽাāϏ
āφāĻ›ে
āφāĻ›ে
āĻĻ্āĻŦāύ্āĻĻ্āĻŦ
āύেāχ
āφāĻ›ে
āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟, āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ, āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻ—ু
āφāĻ›ে
āύেāχ
āĻ…āĻŦ্āϝ⧟ীāĻ­াāĻŦ
āύেāχ
āύেāχ
āĻŦāĻšুāĻŦ্āϰীāĻšি

āύিāϚে āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āϏāĻŽাāϏেāϰ āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖāύা āĻĻে⧟া āĻšāϞো।

āĻĻ্āĻŦāύ্āĻĻ্āĻŦ āϏāĻŽাāϏ

āϝে āϏāĻŽাāϏে āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻĒāĻĻ āĻ“ āĻĒāϰāĻĒāĻĻ- āωāϭ⧟েāϰāχ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰাāϧাāύ্āϝ āĻĨাāĻ•ে, āϤাāĻ•ে āĻĻ্āĻŦāύ্āĻĻ্āĻŦ āϏāĻŽাāϏ āĻŦāϞে। āĻāχ āϏāĻŽাāϏে āĻŦ্āϝাāϏāĻŦাāĻ•্āϝে āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻĒāĻĻ āĻ“ āĻĒāϰāĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻŦāύ্āϧ āϏ্āĻĨাāĻĒāύে āĻ“, āĻāĻŦং, āφāϰ- āĻāχ āϤিāύāϟি āĻ…āĻŦ্āϝ⧟ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ।

āϝেāĻŽāύ- āĻŽা āĻ“ āĻŦাāĻĒ = āĻŽা-āĻŦাāĻĒ। āĻāĻ–াāύে āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻĒāĻĻ ‘āĻŽা’ āĻ“ āĻĒāϰāĻĒāĻĻ ‘āĻŦাāĻĒ’। āĻŦ্āϝাāϏāĻŦাāĻ•্āϝে ‘āĻŽা’ āĻ“ ‘āĻŦাāĻĒ’ āĻĻুāχāϜāύāĻ•েāχ āϏāĻŽাāύ āĻĒ্āϰাāϧাāύ্āϝ āĻĻে⧟া āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে, āĻāĻŦং āĻĻুāϜāύāĻ•েāχ āĻŦোāĻাāύো āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž, āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻĒāĻĻ āĻ“ āĻĒāϰāĻĒāĻĻ, āωāϭ⧟েāϰāχ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰাāϧাāύ্āϝ āϰāĻ•্āώিāϤ āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। āϤাāχ āĻāϟি āĻĻ্āĻŦāύ্āĻĻ্āĻŦ āϏāĻŽাāϏ।

āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟ āϏāĻŽাāϏ

āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟ āϏāĻŽাāϏে āĻĒāϰāĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āϰাāϧাāύ্āϝ āĻĒা⧟। āĻŽূāϞāϤ, āĻāχ āϏāĻŽাāϏে āĻŦিāĻļেāώāĻŖ āĻŦা āĻŦিāĻļেāώāĻŖ āĻ­াāĻŦাāĻĒāύ্āύ āĻĒāĻĻ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻĒāĻĻ āĻ“ āĻŦিāĻļেāώ্āϝ āĻŦা āĻŦিāĻļেāώ্āϝ āĻ­াāĻŦাāĻĒāύ্āύ āĻĒāĻĻ āĻĒāϰāĻĒāĻĻ āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ। āφāϰ āĻŦ্āϝাāϏāĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟিāϤে āϐ āĻŦিāĻļেāώ্āϝ āĻŦা āĻŦিāĻļেāώ্āϝ āĻ­াāĻŦাāĻĒāύ্āύ āĻĒāĻĻāϟি āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ে āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž āĻĒāϰāĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āϰাāϧাāύ্āϝ āĻĒা⧟।

āϝেāĻŽāύ- āύীāϞ āϝে āĻĒāĻĻ্āĻŽ = āύীāϞāĻĒāĻĻ্āĻŽ। āĻāĻ–াāύে, āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻĒāĻĻ ‘āύীāϞ’ āĻŦিāĻļেāώāĻŖ āĻ“ āĻĒāϰāĻĒāĻĻ ‘āĻĒāĻĻ্āĻŽ’ āĻŦিāĻļেāώ্āϝ। āĻŦ্āϝাāϏāĻŦাāĻ•্āϝে ‘āĻĒāĻĻ্āĻŽ’ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ে āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে āĻĒāĻĻ্āĻŽāϟি ‘āύীāϞ’ āϰāĻ™েāϰ। āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž, ‘āĻĒāĻĻ্āĻŽ’ āĻŦা āĻĒāϰāĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨāχ āĻāĻ–াāύে āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ, āĻĒāϰāĻĒāĻĻ āĻ›া⧜া āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻ•োāύ āĻĒ্āϰ⧟োāϜāύী⧟āϤা āύেāχ। āϤাāχ āĻāϟি āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟ āϏāĻŽাāϏ।

āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟ āϏāĻŽাāϏেāϰ āĻ•ā§ŸেāĻ•āϟি āĻŦিāĻļেāώ āύি⧟āĻŽ-

  • āĻĻুāχāϟি āĻŦিāĻļেāώāĻŖ āĻāĻ•āχ āĻŦিāĻļেāώ্āϝ āĻŦোāĻাāϞে āϏেāϟি āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟ āϏāĻŽাāϏ āĻšā§Ÿ। āϝেāĻŽāύ, āϝে āϚাāϞাāĻ• āϏেāχ āϚāϤুāϰ = āϚাāϞাāĻ•-āϚāϤুāϰ। āĻāĻ–াāύে āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰ্āϤী āĻŦিāĻļেāώ্āϝāϟি āĻ…āĻĒেāĻ•্āώাāĻ•ৃāϤ āĻŦেāĻļি āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦ āĻĒাāϚ্āĻ›ে āĻŦāϞে āĻāϟি āĻĻ্āĻŦāύ্āĻĻ্āĻŦ āϏāĻŽাāϏ āĻšāĻŦে āύা।
  • āĻĻুāχāϟি āĻŦিāĻļেāώ্āϝ āĻāĻ•āχ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤি āĻŦা āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻ•ে āĻŦোāĻাāϞে āϏেāϟিāĻ“ āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟ āϏāĻŽাāϏ āĻšā§Ÿ। āϝেāĻŽāύ, āϝিāύি āϜāϜ āϤিāύি āϏাāĻšেāĻŦ = āϜāϜāϏাāĻšেāĻŦ। āĻāĻ•āχ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖে āĻāϟি āĻĻ্āĻŦāύ্āĻĻ্āĻŦ āύা āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟ āĻšāĻŦে।
  • āĻ•াāϰ্āϝে āĻĒāϰāĻĒāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰা āĻŦোāĻাāϤে āĻĻুāϟি āĻ•ৃāĻĻāύ্āϤ āĻŦিāĻļেāώāĻŖ āĻŦা āĻ•্āϰি⧟াāĻŦাāϚāĻ• āĻŦিāĻļেāώāĻŖ āĻĒāĻĻেāĻ“ āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟ āϏāĻŽাāϏ āĻšā§Ÿ। āϝেāĻŽāύ, āφāĻ—ে āϧো⧟া āĻĒāϰে āĻŽোāĻ›া = āϧো⧟াāĻŽোāĻ›া। āĻāĻ–াāύে ‘āĻŽোāĻ›া’ āĻ•াāϜāϟি āĻŦেāĻļি āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ।
  • āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻĒāĻĻে āϏ্āϤ্āϰীāĻŦাāϚāĻ• āĻŦিāĻļেāώāĻŖ āĻĨাāĻ•āϞে āϤা āĻĒুāϰুāώāĻŦাāϚāĻ• āĻšā§Ÿে āϝাāĻŦে। āϝেāĻŽāύ, āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰী āϝে āϞāϤা = āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰāϞāϤা
  • āĻŦিāĻļেāώāĻŖāĻŦাāϚāĻ• āĻŽāĻšাāύ āĻŦা āĻŽāĻšā§Ž āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻĒāĻĻ āĻšāϞে āĻŽāĻšা āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻŽāĻšā§Ž āϝে āϜ্āĻžাāύ = āĻŽāĻšাāϜ্āĻžাāύ
  • āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻĒāĻĻে ‘āĻ•ু’ āĻŦিāĻļেāώāĻŖ āĻĨাāĻ•āϞে āĻāĻŦং āĻĒāϰāĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽে āϏ্āĻŦāϰāϧ্āĻŦāύি āĻĨাāĻ•āϞে ‘āĻ•ু’, ‘āĻ•ā§Ž’ āĻšā§Ÿ। āϝেāĻŽāύ, āĻ•ু āϝে āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ = āĻ•āĻĻāϰ্āĻĨ।
  • āĻĒāϰāĻĒāĻĻে ‘āϰাāϜা’ āĻĨাāĻ•āϞে ‘āϰাāϜ’ āĻšā§Ÿ। āϝেāĻŽāύ, āĻŽāĻšাāύ āϝে āϰাāϜা = āĻŽāĻšাāϰাāϜ।
  • āĻŦিāĻļেāώāĻŖ āĻ“ āĻŦিāĻļেāώ্āϝ āĻĒāĻĻে āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟ āϏāĻŽাāϏ āĻšāϞে āĻ•āĻ–āύো āĻ•āĻ–āύো āĻŦিāĻļেāώ্āϝ āφāĻ—ে āĻāϏে āĻŦিāĻļেāώāĻŖ āĻĒāϰে āϚāϞে āϝা⧟। āϝেāĻŽāύ, āϏিāĻĻ্āϧ āϝে āφāϞু = āφāϞুāϏিāĻĻ্āϧ।

āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟ āϏāĻŽাāϏ āĻŽূāϞāϤ ā§Ē āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāϰ-
āĻŽāϧ্āϝāĻĒāĻĻāϞোāĻĒী āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟:  āϝে āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟ āϏāĻŽাāϏেāϰ āĻŦ্āϝাāϏāĻŦাāĻ•্āϝেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝāĻŦāϰ্āϤী āĻĒāĻĻāĻ—ুāϞো āϞোāĻĒ āĻĒা⧟, āϤাāĻ•ে āĻŽāϧ্āϝāĻĒāĻĻāϞোāĻĒী āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟ āϏāĻŽাāϏ āĻŦāϞে। āϝেāĻŽāύ, ‘āϏ্āĻŽৃāϤি āϰāĻ•্āώাāϰ্āĻĨে āϏৌāϧ = āϏ্āĻŽৃāϤিāϏৌāϧ’। āĻāĻ–াāύে āĻŦ্āϝাāϏāĻŦাāĻ•্āϝেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝāĻŦāϰ্āϤী āĻĒāĻĻ ‘āϰāĻ•্āώাāϰ্āĻĨে’ āϞোāĻĒ āĻĒে⧟েāĻ›ে। āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻĒāĻĻ ‘āϏ্āĻŽৃāϤি’ āĻāĻ–াāύে āĻŦিāĻļেāώāĻŖ āĻ­াāĻŦ āĻŦোāĻাāϚ্āĻ›ে। āφāϰ ‘āϏৌāϧ’ āĻŦিāĻļেāώ্āϝ। āĻāϟিāϰāχ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ। āϏুāϤāϰাং āĻāϟি āĻŽāϧ্āϝāĻĒāĻĻāϞোāĻĒী āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟।

(āωāĻĒāĻŽাāύ āĻ“ āωāĻĒāĻŽিāϤ āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟ āϏāĻŽাāϏ āφāϞাāĻĻা āĻ•āϰে āϚেāύাāϰ āφāĻ—ে āĻ•āϤোāĻ—ুāϞো āϏংāϜ্āĻžা/ āϟাāϰ্āĻŽāϏ āϜাāύা āϜāϰুāϰি। āϏেāĻ—ুāϞো āĻšāϞো- āωāĻĒāĻŽাāύ, āωāĻĒāĻŽে⧟ āĻ“ āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ āϧāϰ্āĻŽ। āĻ•োāύ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤি āĻŦা āĻŦāϏ্āϤ্āϤāĻ•ে āĻ…āύ্āϝ āĻ•োāύ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤি āĻŦা āĻŦāϏ্āϤ্āϤāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āϤুāϞāύা āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϞে āϝাāĻ•ে āϤুāϞāύা āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϞো, āϤাāĻ•ে āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§Ÿ āωāĻĒāĻŽে⧟। āφāϰ āϝাāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āϤুāϞāύা āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ āϤাāĻ•ে āĻŦāϞে āωāĻĒāĻŽাāύ। āφāϰ āωāĻĒāĻŽে⧟ āφāϰ āωāĻĒāĻŽাāύেāϰ āϝে āĻ—ুāĻŖāϟি āύি⧟ে āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āϤুāϞāύা āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ, āϏেāχ āĻ—ুāĻŖāϟিāĻ•ে āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§Ÿ āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ āϧāϰ্āĻŽ। āϝেāĻŽāύ, ‘āĻ…āϰুāĻŖেāϰ āύ্āϝা⧟ āϰাāĻ™া āĻĒ্āϰāĻ­াāϤ’। āĻāĻ–াāύে ‘āĻĒ্āϰāĻ­াāϤ’āĻ•ে ‘āĻ…āϰুāĻŖ’āϰ āĻŽāϤো ‘āϰাāĻ™া’ āĻŦāϞে āϤুāϞāύা āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। āϏুāϤāϰাং, āĻāĻ–াāύে ‘āĻĒ্āϰāĻ­াāϤ’ āωāĻĒāĻŽে⧟। āωāĻĒāĻŽাāύ āĻšāϞো ‘āĻ…āϰুāĻŖ’। āφāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ­াāϤ āφāϰ āĻ…āϰুāĻŖেāϰ āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ āϧāϰ্āĻŽ āĻšāϞো ‘āϰাāĻ™া’।)

āωāĻĒāĻŽাāύ āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟ āϏāĻŽাāϏ: āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ āϧāϰ্āĻŽāĻŦাāϚāĻ• āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āωāĻĒāĻŽাāύ āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āϝে āϏāĻŽাāϏ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤাāĻ•ে āωāĻĒāĻŽাāύ āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟ āϏāĻŽাāϏ āĻŦāϞে। āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž, āωāĻĒāĻŽাāύ āĻ“ āωāĻĒāĻŽে⧟ āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟েāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϝেāϟিāϤে āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ āϧāϰ্āĻŽāĻŦাāϚāĻ• āĻĒāĻĻ āĻĨাāĻ•āĻŦে, āϏেāϟিāχ āωāĻĒāĻŽাāύ āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟। āϝেāĻŽāύ, āϤুāώাāϰেāϰ āύ্āϝা⧟ āĻļুāĻ­্āϰ = āϤুāώাāϰāĻļুāĻ­্āϰ। āĻāĻ–াāύে ‘āϤুāώাāϰ’āϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻ•োāύ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤি āĻŦা āĻŦāϏ্āϤ্āϤāĻ•ে āϤুāϞāύা āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে। āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž āĻāϟি āωāĻĒāĻŽাāύ। āφāϰ āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ āϧāϰ্āĻŽ āĻšāϞো ‘āĻļুāĻ­্āϰ’। āωāĻĒāĻŽে⧟ āĻāĻ–াāύে āύেāχ। āϏুāϤāϰাং, āĻāϟি āωāĻĒāĻŽাāύ āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟ āϏāĻŽাāϏ।

āωāĻĒāĻŽিāϤ āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟ āϏāĻŽাāϏ: āωāĻĒāĻŽে⧟ āĻ“ āωāĻĒāĻŽাāύ āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āϝে āϏāĻŽাāϏ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤাāĻ•ে āωāĻĒāĻŽিāϤ āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟ āϏāĻŽাāϏ āĻŦāϞে। āĻāχ āϏāĻŽাāϏে āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ āϧāϰ্āĻŽ āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ– āĻ•āϰা āĻĨাāĻ•ে āύা। āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž, āωāĻĒāĻŽাāύ āĻ“ āωāĻĒāĻŽিāϤ āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟েāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϝেāϟিāϤে āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ āϧāϰ্āĻŽāĻŦাāϚāĻ• āĻĒāĻĻ āĻĨাāĻ•āĻŦে āύা, āϏেāϟিāχ āωāĻĒāĻŽিāϤ āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟ āϏāĻŽাāϏ। āϝেāĻŽāύ, ‘āĻĒুāϰুāώ āϏিংāĻšেāϰ āύ্āϝা⧟ = āĻĒুāϰুāώāϏিংāĻš’। āĻāĻ–াāύে ‘āĻĒুāϰুāώ’āĻ•ে ‘āϏিংāĻš’āϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āϤুāϞāύা āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž āĻāĻ–াāύে ‘āĻĒুāϰুāώ’ āωāĻĒāĻŽে⧟ āφāϰ ‘āϏিংāĻš’ āωāĻĒāĻŽাāύ। āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ āϧāϰ্āĻŽেāϰ āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ– āύেāχ। āϏুāϤāϰাং, āĻāϟি āωāĻĒāĻŽিāϤ āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟ āϏāĻŽাāϏ।

āϰূāĻĒāĻ• āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟ āϏāĻŽাāϏ: āωāĻĒāĻŽাāύ āĻ“ āωāĻĒāĻŽে⧟ āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻ…āĻ­িāύ্āύāϤা āĻ•āϞ্āĻĒāύা āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϞে, āϤাāĻ•ে āϰূāĻĒāĻ• āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟ āϏāĻŽাāϏ āĻŦāϞে। āĻāϟিāϰ āĻŦ্āϝাāϏāĻŦাāĻ•্āϝে āωāĻĒāĻŽে⧟ āĻ“ āωāĻĒāĻŽাāύ āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽাāĻে ‘āϰূāĻĒ’ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāϟি āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦা ‘āχ’ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻাংāĻļāϟি āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ। āϝেāĻŽāύ, ‘āĻŽāύ āϰূāĻĒ āĻŽাāĻি = āĻŽāύāĻŽাāĻি’। āĻāĻ–াāύে ‘āĻŽāύ’ āωāĻĒāĻŽে⧟ āĻ“ ‘āĻŽাāĻি’ āωāĻĒāĻŽাāύ। āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻāĻ–াāύে āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻ•োāύ āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āĻ—ুāĻŖেāϰ āϤুāϞāύা āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿāύি। āĻŽāύāĻ•েāχ āĻŽাāĻি āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āĻ•āϞ্āĻĒāύা āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে।


āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ āϏāĻŽাāϏ

āϝে āϏāĻŽাāϏে āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻļেāώেāϰ āĻŦিāĻ­āĻ•্āϤি āϞোāĻĒ āĻĒা⧟, āĻāĻŦং āĻĒāϰāĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āϰাāϧাāύ্āϝ āĻĒা⧟, āϤাāĻ•ে āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ āϏāĻŽাāϏ āĻŦāϞে। āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āϝে āĻŦিāĻ­āĻ•্āϤি āϞোāĻĒ āĻĒা⧟, āϏেāχ āĻŦিāĻ­āĻ•্āϤি āĻ…āύুāϝা⧟ী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ āϏāĻŽাāϏেāϰ āύাāĻŽāĻ•āϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ। āϤāĻŦে āĻŽাāĻে āĻŽাāĻে āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻŦিāĻ­āĻ•্āϤি āϞোāĻĒ āύা āĻĒে⧟ে āĻ…āĻŦিāĻ•ৃāϤ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϝা⧟। āϤāĻ–āύ āϏেāϟাāĻ•ে āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ…āϞুāĻ• āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ। (āĻ…āϞুāĻ• āĻŽাāύে āϞোāĻĒ āύা āĻĒাāĻ“ā§Ÿা, āĻ…-āϞোāĻĒ)।

āϝেāĻŽāύ, āĻĻুঃāĻ–āĻ•ে āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĒ্āϤ = āĻĻুঃāĻ–āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĒ্āϤ। āĻāĻ–াāύে āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻĒāĻĻ ‘āĻĻুঃāĻ–’āϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻĨাāĻ•া āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤী⧟া āĻŦিāĻ­āĻ•্āϤি ‘āĻ•ে’ āϞোāĻĒ āĻĒে⧟েāĻ›ে। āφāĻŦাāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻĒāĻĻ ‘āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĒ্āϤ’āϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨāχ āĻāĻ–াāύে āĻŦেāĻļি āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ। āĻĻুঃāĻ– āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĒ্āϤ āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে āĻŦāϞেāχ āύāϤুāύ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰ⧟োāϜāύ āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে, āϝাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝাংāĻļāϟিāĻ•ে āϏāĻŽাāϏ āĻ•āϰে āύāϤুāύ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āĻŦাāύাāύো āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž, āĻāĻ–াāύে āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻļেāώেāϰ āĻŦিāĻ­āĻ•্āϤি āϞোāĻĒ āĻĒে⧟েāĻ›ে, āĻāĻŦং āĻĒāϰāĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰাāϧাāύ্āϝ āϰāĻ•্āώিāϤ āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। āϤাāχ āĻāϟি āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ āϏāĻŽাāϏ।

āĻŦāĻšুāĻŦ্āϰীāĻšি āϏāĻŽাāϏ

āϝে  āϏāĻŽাāϏে āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻĒāĻĻ āĻŦা āĻĒāϰāĻĒāĻĻ āĻ•োāύāϟিāϰāχ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰাāϧাāύ্āϝ āϰāĻ•্āώিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āύা, āĻŦāϰং āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻĒāĻĻ āϤৃāϤী⧟ āĻ•োāύ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻ•ে āĻŦোāĻা⧟, āϤাāĻ•ে āĻŦāĻšুāĻŦ্āϰীāĻšি āϏāĻŽাāϏ āĻŦāϞে। āϝেāĻŽāύ, āĻŽāĻšাāύ āφāϤ্āĻŽা āϝাāϰ = āĻŽāĻšাāϤ্āĻŽা। āĻāĻ–াāύে āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻĒāĻĻ ‘āĻŽāĻšাāύ’ (āĻŽāĻšা) āĻ“ āĻĒāϰāĻĒāĻĻ ‘āφāϤ্āĻŽা’। āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻĒāĻĻ ‘āĻŽāĻšাāϤ্āĻŽা’ āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āĻŽāĻšাāύ āĻŦা āφāϤ্āĻŽা āĻ•োāύāϟাāĻ•েāχ āύা āĻŦুāĻি⧟ে āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ•āϜāύāĻ•ে āĻŦোāĻাāϚ্āĻ›ে, āϝিāύি āĻŽāĻšাāύ, āϝাāϰ āφāϤ্āĻŽা āĻŦা āĻšৃāĻĻ⧟ āĻŽāĻšā§Ž। āφāĻŦাāϰ, āĻŽāĻšাāϤ্āĻŽা āĻŦāϞāϤে āĻŽāĻšাāϤ্āĻŽা āĻ—াāύ্āϧীāĻ•েāĻ“ āĻŦোāĻাāύো āĻšā§Ÿে āĻĨাāĻ•ে। āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻ•োāύ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨেāχ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻĒāĻĻ āĻŦা āĻĒāϰāĻĒāĻĻāĻ•ে āĻŦোāĻাāύো āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে āύা। āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž, āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻĒāĻĻ āĻŦা āĻĒāϰāĻĒāĻĻ, āĻ•োāύāϟাāϰāχ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āϰাāϧাāύ্āϝ āĻĒাāϚ্āĻ›ে āύা। āϏুāϤāϰাং, āĻāϟি āĻŦāĻšুāĻŦ্āϰীāĻšি āϏāĻŽাāϏেāϰ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ।

(āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ–্āϝ, āĻŦāĻšুāĻŦ্āϰীāĻšি āϏāĻŽাāϏ, āĻŦিāĻļেāώ āĻ•āϰে āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻŦ্āϝāϧিāĻ•āϰāĻŖ āĻŦāĻšুāĻŦ্āϰীāĻšি āϏāĻŽাāϏ āĻ“ āωāĻĒāĻĒāĻĻ āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ āϏāĻŽাāϏেāϰ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻĒāĻĻ āĻĒ্āϰা⧟ āĻāĻ•āχ āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻĢāϞে āĻāĻĻেāϰ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻĒāĻĻ āĻĻেāĻ–ে āφāϞাāĻĻা āĻ•āϰে āϚেāύাāϰ āϤেāĻŽāύ āĻ•োāύ āωāĻĒা⧟ āύেāχ। āĻāĻ—ুāϞোāϰ āϏāĻŽাāϏ āύিāϰ্āϪ⧟েāϰ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āϤাāχ āĻāĻ•āχ āĻŦ্āϝাāϏāĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āĻ“ āϏāĻŽাāϏ āύিāϰ্āϪ⧟ āĻ…āϤ্āϝāύ্āϤ āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ। āφāϰ āĻĒāϰীāĻ•্āώা⧟ āĻŽূāϞāϤ āĻāĻ—ুāϞো āωāĻĒāĻĒāĻĻ āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ āϏāĻŽাāϏেāϰ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻšিāϏেāĻŦেāχ āφāϏে।)

āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻ—ু āϏāĻŽাāϏ

āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻ—ু āϏāĻŽাāϏেāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟ āϏāĻŽাāϏেāϰ āĻŦেāĻļ āĻŽিāϞ āϰ⧟েāĻ›ে। āĻāϜāύ্āϝ āĻāĻ•ে āĻ…āύেāĻ•েāχ āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟ āϏāĻŽাāϏেāϰ āĻ…āύ্āϤāϰ্āĻ­ূāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•āϰে āĻĨাāĻ•েāύ। āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻ—ু āϏāĻŽাāϏেāĻ“ āĻĒāϰāĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨāχ āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ। āĻāĻŦং āĻāχ āϏāĻŽাāϏেāĻ“ āĻŦিāĻļেāώāĻŖ āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻŦিāĻļেāώ্āϝ āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āϏāĻŽাāϏ āĻšā§Ÿ। āϤāĻŦে āĻāĻ–াāύে āĻŦিāĻļেāώāĻŖ āĻĒāĻĻāϟি āϏāϰ্āĻŦāĻĻাāχ āϏংāĻ–্āϝাāĻŦাāϚāĻ• āĻšā§Ÿ, āĻāĻŦং āϏāĻŽাāϏ āĻšā§Ÿ āϏāĻŽাāĻšাāϰ āĻŦা āĻŽিāϞāύ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨে।

āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž, āϏāĻŽাāĻšাāϰ āĻŦা āĻŽিāϞāύ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨে āϏংāĻ–্āϝাāĻŦাāϚāĻ• āĻŦিāĻļেāώāĻŖেāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻŦিāĻļেāώ্āϝ āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āϝে āϏāĻŽাāϏ āĻšā§Ÿ, āĻāĻŦং āĻĒāϰāĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨāχ āĻĒ্āϰাāϧাāύ্āϝ āĻĒা⧟, āϤাāĻ•ে āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻ—ু āϏāĻŽাāϏ āĻŦāϞে। āϝেāĻŽāύ, ‘āĻ…āώ্āϟ āϧাāϤুāϰ āϏāĻŽাāĻšাāϰ = āĻ…āώ্āϟāϧাāϤু’। āĻāĻ–াāύে āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻĒāĻĻ ‘āĻ…āώ্āϟ’ āĻāĻ•āϟি āϏংāĻ–্āϝাāĻŦাāϚāĻ• āĻŦিāĻļেāώāĻŖ। āφāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻĒāĻĻ ‘āϧাāϤু’ āĻŦিāĻļেāώ্āϝ। āĻ…āώ্āϟ āϧাāϤুāϰ āĻŽিāϞāύ āĻŦা āϏāĻŽাāĻšাāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨে āϏāĻŽাāϏ āĻšā§Ÿে ‘āĻ…āώ্āϟāϧাāϤু’ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻĒāĻĻāϟি āϤৈāϰি āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে āϝাāϤে ‘āϧাāϤু’ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ে āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž, āĻĒāϰāĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āĻĻেāĻ–া āĻĻি⧟েāĻ›ে। āϏুāϤāϰাং, āĻāϟি āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻ—ু āϏāĻŽাāϏ।

āĻ…āĻŦ্āϝ⧟ীāĻ­াāĻŦ āϏāĻŽাāϏ

āϏāĻŽাāϏেāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻĒāĻĻ āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āϝāĻĻি āĻ…āĻŦ্āϝ⧟ āĻĒāĻĻ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ, āĻāĻŦং āϏেāχ āĻ…āĻŦ্āϝ⧟েāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨāχ āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻŦে āϏেāχ āϏāĻŽাāϏāĻ•ে āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ…āĻŦ্āϝ⧟ীāĻ­াāĻŦ āϏāĻŽাāϏ। āϝেāĻŽāύ, ‘āĻŽāϰāĻŖ āĻĒāϰ্āϝāύ্āϤ = āφāĻŽāϰāĻŖ’। āĻāĻ–াāύে āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻĒāĻĻ āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āĻĒāϰ্āϝāύ্āϤ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨে ‘āφ’ āωāĻĒāϏāϰ্āĻ— āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। āφāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻĒāĻĻ ‘āĻŽāϰāĻŖ’। āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻāĻ–াāύে āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻĒāĻĻāϟিāĻ•ে āύāϤুāύ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻĻি⧟েāĻ›ে ‘āφ’ āωāĻĒāϏāϰ্āĻ—āϟি। āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž, āĻāĻ–াāύে ‘āφ’ āωāĻĒāϏāϰ্āĻ— āĻŦা āĻ…āĻŦ্āϝ⧟ āĻŦা āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āϰাāϧাāύ্āϝ āĻĒে⧟েāĻ›ে। āϤাāχ āĻāϟি āĻ…āĻŦ্āϝ⧟ীāĻ­াāĻŦ āϏāĻŽাāϏ। (āωāĻĒāϏāϰ্āĻ— āĻāĻ• āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻ…āĻŦ্āϝ⧟āϏূāϚāĻ• āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻাংāĻļ। āωāĻĒāϏāϰ্āĻ— āĻŦāϚāύ āĻŦা āϞিāĻ™্āĻ— āĻ­েāĻĻে āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āύা āĻ•িংāĻŦা āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝেāϰ āĻ…āύ্āϝ āĻ•োāύ āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύেāĻ“ āĻāϰ āĻ•োāύ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻšā§Ÿ āύা। āĻāϰāĻ•āĻŽ āφāϰেāĻ•āϟি āĻ…āĻŦ্āϝ⧟āϏূāϚāĻ• āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻাংāĻļ āĻšāϞো āĻ…āύুāϏāϰ্āĻ—।)

āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĻি āϏāĻŽাāϏ

āĻĒ্āϰ, āĻĒ্āϰāϤি, āĻ…āύু, āĻĒāϰি, āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি āĻ…āĻŦ্āϝ⧟ āĻŦা āωāĻĒāϏāϰ্āĻ—েāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻ•ৃā§Ž āĻĒ্āϰāϤ্āϝ⧟ āϏাāϧিāϤ āĻŦিāĻļেāώ্āϝ āĻŦা āĻ•্āϰি⧟াāĻŦাāϚāĻ• āĻŦিāĻļেāώ্āϝāϰ āϏāĻŽাāϏ āĻšāϞে āϤাāĻ•ে āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĻি āϏāĻŽাāϏ āĻŦāϞে। āϝেāĻŽāύ, āĻĒ্āϰ (āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•ৃāώ্āϟ) āϝে āĻŦāϚāύ = āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦāϚāύ। āĻāĻ–াāύে āĻŦāϚāύ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϝāĻŽাāύ āĻĒāĻĻāϟি āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻŦিāĻļেāώ্āϝ, āϝাāϰ āĻŽূāϞ (āϧাāϤু)āĻŦāϚ āϧাāϤু āĻŦা āĻ•ৃā§Ž āĻĒ্āϰāϤ্āϝ⧟। ‘āĻĒ্āϰ’ āĻ…āĻŦ্āϝ⧟েāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻ•ৃā§Ž āĻĒ্āϰāϤ্āϝ⧟ āϏাāϧিāϤ āĻŦিāĻļেāώ্āϝ ‘āĻŦāϚāύ’āϰ āϏāĻŽাāϏ āĻšā§Ÿে āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻĒāĻĻ ‘āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦāϚāύ’ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāϟি āϤৈāϰি āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। āϏুāϤāϰাং, āĻāϟি āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĻি āϏāĻŽাāϏ।

āύিāϤ্āϝ āϏāĻŽাāϏ

āϝে āϏāĻŽাāϏেāϰ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻĒāĻĻāχ āĻŦ্āϝাāϏāĻŦাāĻ•্āϝেāϰ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰে, āφāϞাāĻĻা āĻ•āϰে āĻŦ্āϝাāϏāĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āϤৈāϰি āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšā§Ÿ āύা, āϤাāĻ•ে āύিāϤ্āϝ āϏāĻŽাāϏ āĻŦāϞে। āϝেāĻŽāύ, āĻ…āύ্āϝ āĻ—্āϰাāĻŽ = āĻ—্āϰাāĻŽাāύ্āϤāϰ। āĻāĻ–াāύে ‘āĻ…āύ্āϝ āĻ—্āϰাāĻŽ’ āφāϰ ‘āĻ—্āϰাāĻŽাāύ্āϤāϰ’, āĻāχ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝাংāĻļ āĻ“ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāϟিāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϤেāĻŽāύ āĻŦিāĻļেāώāĻ•োāύ āĻĒাāϰ্āĻĨāĻ•্āϝ āύেāχ। āĻ•েāĻŦāϞ ‘āĻ…āύ্āϝ’ āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻŦāĻĻāϞে ‘āĻ…āύ্āϤāϰ’ āĻĒāĻĻāϟি āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। āϤাāχ āĻāϟি āύিāϤ্āϝ āϏāĻŽাāϏ।

āĻ­াāώা āĻ…āύুāĻļীāϞāύ; ā§§āĻŽ āĻĒāϤ্āϰ

āĻļāĻ•ুāύ্āϤāϞা
āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ
āĻŦ্āϝাāϏāĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ
āϏāĻŽাāϏেāϰ āύাāĻŽ
āĻŦāύāĻŽāϧ্āϝে
āĻŦāύেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে
āώāώ্āĻ ী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āĻĒ্āϰাāĻŖāϭ⧟
āĻĒ্āϰাāĻŖ āϝাāĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰ āϭ⧟
āĻŽāϧ্āϝāĻĒāĻĻāϞোāĻĒী āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟
āϰāĻĨাāϰোāĻšāĻŖ
āϰāĻĨে āφāϰোāĻšāĻŖ
āϏāĻĒ্āϤāĻŽী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āϰāĻĨāϚাāϞāύ
āϰāĻĨāĻ•ে āϚাāϞāύ
āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤী⧟ āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āĻļāϰāύিāĻ•্āώেāĻĒ
āĻļāϰāĻ•ে āύিāĻ•্āώেāĻĒ
āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤী⧟ āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āĻļāϰেāϰ āύিāĻ•্āώেāĻĒ
āώāώ্āĻ ী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āĻĒ্āϰাāĻŖāĻŦāϧ
āĻĒ্āϰাāĻŖেāϰ āĻŦāϧ
āώāώ্āĻ ী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āĻ…āϤিāĻŽাāϤ্āϰ
āĻŽাāϤ্āϰাāĻ•ে āĻ…āϤিāĻ•্āϰাāύ্āϤ
āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĻি
āĻŦেāĻ—āϏংāĻŦāϰāĻŖ
āĻŦেāĻ—āĻ•ে āϏংāĻŦāϰāĻŖ
āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤী⧟া āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āĻŦāϜ্āϰāϏāĻŽ
āĻŦāϜ্āϰেāϰ āϏāĻŽ
āώāώ্āĻ ী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āĻ•্āώীāĻŖāϜীāĻŦী
āĻ•্āώীāĻŖāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻŦাঁāϚে āϝে
āωāĻĒāĻĒāĻĻ āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āĻ…āϞ্āĻĒāĻĒ্āϰাāĻŖ
āĻ…āϞ্āĻĒāĻĒ্āϰাāĻŖ āϝাāϰ
āĻŦāĻšুāĻŦ্āϰীāĻšি
āĻĒুāϤ্āϰāϞাāĻ­
āĻĒুāϤ্āϰāĻ•ে āϞাāĻ­
āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤী⧟া āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āĻ•াāϰ্āϝāĻ•্āώāϤি
āĻ•াāϰ্āϝāϰে āĻ•্āώāϤি
āώāώ্āĻ ী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āĻ…āϤিāĻĨি āĻ¸ā§ŽāĻ•াāϰ
āĻ…āϤিāĻĨিāϰ āĻ¸ā§ŽāĻ•াāϰ
āώāώ্āĻ ী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āϧāϰ্āĻŽāĻ•াāϰ্āϝ
āϧāϰ্āĻŽāĻŦিāĻšিāϤ āĻ•াāϰ্āϝ
āĻŽāϧ্āϝāĻĒāĻĻāϞোāĻĒী āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟
āĻ­ুāϜāĻŦāϞ
āĻ­ুāϜেāϰ āĻŦāϞ
āώāώ্āĻ ী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āĻ­াāϰাāϰ্āĻĒāĻŖ
āĻ­াāϰেāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĒāĻŖ
āώāώ্āĻ ী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āϤāĻĒোāĻŦāύ
āϤāĻĒেāϰ āύিāĻŽিāϤ্āϤ āĻŦāύ
āϚāϤুāϰ্āĻĨী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āϤāĻĒোāĻŦāύāĻĻāϰ্āĻļāύ
āϤāĻĒোāĻŦāύāĻ•ে āĻĻāϰ্āĻļāύ
āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤী⧟া āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āĻ•োāϟāϰāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ
āĻ•োāϟāϰে āϏ্āĻĨিāϤ
āϏāĻĒ্āϤāĻŽী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āĻŽুāĻ–āĻ­্āϰāώ্āϟ
āĻŽুāĻ– āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻ­্āϰāώ্āϟ
āĻĒāĻž্āϚāĻŽী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āωāĻĒāϞāĻ–āĻŖ্āĻĄ
āωāĻĒāϞেāϰ āĻ–āĻŖ্āĻĄ
āώāώ্āĻ ী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āĻŦিāϏ্āĻŽā§ŸাāĻĒāύ্āύ
āĻŦিāϏ্āĻŽā§ŸāĻ•ে āφāĻĒāύ্āύ
āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤী⧟া āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āĻ•āϰ্āĻŖāĻ•ুāĻšāϰ
āĻ•āϰ্āĻŖেāϰ āĻ•ুāĻšāϰ
āώāώ্āĻ ী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āϤāĻĒāϏ্āĻŦিāĻ•āύ্āϝা
āϤāĻĒāϏ্āĻŦীāϰ āĻ•āύ্āϝা
āώāώ্āĻ ী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āĻ…āύāϤিāĻŦৃāĻšā§Ž
āύ⧟ āĻ…āϤি āĻŦৃāĻšā§Ž
āύāĻž āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āϏেāϚāύāĻ•āϞāϏ
āϏেāϚāύেāϰ āύিāĻŽিāϤ্āϤ āĻ•āϞāϏ
āϚāϤুāϰ্āĻĨী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āϜāϞāϏেāϚāύ
āϜāϞāĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āϏেāϚāύ
āϤৃāϤী⧟া āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āĻ…āύāϏূ⧟া
āύেāχ āĻ…āϏূ⧟া (āψāϰ্āώা) āϝাāϰ
āĻŦāĻšুāĻŦ্āϰীāĻšি
āĻĒ্āϰি⧟ংāĻŦāĻĻা
āĻĒ্āϰি⧟āĻŽ্ (āĻĒ্āϰি⧟āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ) āĻŦāϞে āϝে (āϏ্āϤ্āϰী)
āωāĻĒāĻĒāĻĻ
āĻ•āĻŖ্āĻŦāϤāύ⧟া
āĻ•āĻŖ্āĻŦেāϰ āϤāύ⧟া
āώāώ্āĻ ী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āĻŽāύোāĻšাāϰিāĻŖী
āĻŽāύ āĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰে āϝে āύাāϰী
āωāĻĒāĻĒāĻĻ āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āϏ্āĻŦāĻ­াāĻŦāϏিāĻĻ্āϧ
āϏ্āĻŦāĻ­াāĻŦ āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āϏিāĻĻ্āϧ
āϤৃāϤী⧟া āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āĻ…āĻ™্āĻ—ুāϞি āϏংāĻ•েāϤ
āĻ…āĻ™্āĻ—ুāϞি āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āϏংāĻ•েāϤ
āϤৃāϤী⧟া āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āύāĻŦāϝৌāĻŦāύ
āύāĻŦ āϝে āϝৌāĻŦāύ
āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟



āϝৌāĻŦāύেāϰ āĻ—াāύ
āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ
āĻŦ্āϝাāϏāĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ
āϏāĻŽাāϏেāϰ āύাāĻŽ
āĻŽāĻŽāϤাāϰāϏ
āĻŽāĻŽāϤা āĻŽিāĻļ্āϰিāϤ āϰāϏ
āĻŽāϧ্āϝāĻĒāĻĻāϞোāĻĒী āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟
āĻ…āϞāϏāϤāύ্āĻĻ্āϰা
āĻ…āϞāϏ āϝে āϤāύ্āĻĻ্āϰা
āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟
āĻŽোāĻšāύিāĻĻ্āϰা
āĻŽোāĻš āϰূāĻĒ āύিāĻĻ্āϰা
āϰূāĻĒāĻ• āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟
āϏৈāύ্āϝāϏাāĻŽāύ্āϤ
āϏৈāύ্āϝ āĻ“ āϏাāĻŽāύ্āϤ
āĻĻ্āĻŦāύ্āĻĻ্āĻŦ
āϏংāĻ—ীāϤāĻ—ুāĻž্āϜāύ
āϏংāĻ—ীāϤেāϰ āĻ—ুāĻž্āϜāύ
āώāώ্āĻ ী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āĻāϰāύাāϧাāϰা
āĻāϰāύাāϰ āϧাāϰা
āώāώ্āĻ ী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āϜāĻŦাāĻ•ুāϏুāĻŽāϏāĻ™্āĻ•াāĻļ
āϜāĻŦাāĻ•ুāϏুāĻŽেāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ•াāĻļ
āώāώ্āĻ ী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āϤিāĻŽিāϰāĻŦিāĻĻাāϰী
āϤিāĻŽিāϰāĻ•ে āĻŦিāĻĻীāϰ্āĻŖ āĻ•āϰে āϝা
āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟
āϝৌāĻŦāύāϏূāϰ্āϝ
āϝৌāĻŦāύ āϰূāĻĒ āϏূāϰ্āϝ
āϰূāĻĒāĻ• āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟
āϤিāĻŽিāϰāĻ•ুāύ্āϤāϞা
āϤিāĻŽিāϰেāϰ āύ্āϝা⧟ āĻ•ুāύ্āϤāϞ āϝাāϰ
āωāĻĒāĻŽিāϤ āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟
āĻĒাāώাāĻŖāϏ্āϤুāĻĒ
āĻĒাāώাāĻŖেāϰ āϏ্āϤুāĻĒ
āώāώ্āĻ ী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āφāϞোāĻ•āĻĒি⧟াāϏী
āφāϞোāĻ•েāϰ āĻĒি⧟াāϏী
āώāώ্āĻ ী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āĻĒ্āϰাāĻŖāϚāĻž্āϚāϞ
āĻĒ্āϰাāĻŖ āϚāĻž্āϚāϞ āϝাāϰ
āĻŦāĻšুāĻŦ্āϰীāĻšি
āĻŽেāϘāϞুāĻĒ্āϤ
āĻŽেāϘে āϞুāĻĒ্āϤ
āϏāĻĒ্āϤāĻŽী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āϜ⧟āĻŽুāĻ•ুāϟ
āϜ⧟েāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āϝে āĻŽুāĻ•ুāϟ
āĻŽāϧ্āϝāĻĒāĻĻāϞোāĻĒী āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟
āĻŽাāϰ্āϤāĻŖ্āĻĄāĻĒ্āϰা⧟
āĻŽাāϰ্āϤāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰা⧟
āώāώ্āĻ ী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āύāĻŦāĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦী
āύāĻŦ āϝে āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦী
āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟
āϏāϞিāϞāϏāĻŽাāϧি
āϏāϞিāϞে āϏāĻŽাāϧি
āϏāĻĒ্āϤāĻŽী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ

āĻāĻ•āϟি āϤুāϞāϏী āĻ—াāĻ›েāϰ āĻ•াāĻšিāύী

āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ
āĻŦ্āϝাāϏāĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ
āϏāĻŽাāϏেāϰ āύাāĻŽ
āĻ—āϞ্āĻĒāĻĒ্āϰেāĻŽিāĻ•
āĻ—āϞ্āĻĒ āĻĒ্āϰেāĻŽিāĻ• āϝে
āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟
āĻĒুāώ্āĻĒāϏৌāϰāĻ­
āĻĒুāώ্āĻĒেāϰ āϏৌāϰāĻ­
āώāώ্āĻ ী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āϜ্āϝোā§ŽāϏ্āύাāϰাāϤ
āϜ্āϝোā§ŽāϏ্āύা āĻļোāĻ­িāϤ āϰাāϤ
āĻŽāϧ্āϝāĻĒāĻĻāϞোāĻĒী āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟
āĻĒৃāώ্āĻ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻāϰ্āĻļāύ
āĻĒৃāώ্āĻ āĻ•ে āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻāϰ্āĻļāύ
āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤী⧟া āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āĻĻেāĻļāĻ­āĻ™্āĻ—
āĻĻেāĻļāĻ•ে āĻ­āĻ™্āĻ—
āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤী⧟া āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āϜāύāĻŽাāύāĻŦ
āϜāύ āĻ“ āĻŽাāύāĻŦ
āĻĻ্āĻŦāύ্āĻĻ্āĻŦ
āĻĻেāĻļāĻĒāϞাāϤāĻ•
āĻĻেāĻļ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻĒāϞাāϤāĻ•
āĻĒāĻž্āϚāĻŽী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āφāĻŽ-āĻ•ু⧜াāύো
āφāĻŽāĻ•ে āĻ•ু⧜াāύো
āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤী⧟া āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āĻ…āύাāĻļ্āϰিāϤ
āύ⧟ āφāĻļ্āϰিāϤ āϝে
āĻŦāĻšুāĻŦ্āϰীāĻšি
āϏāĻŽāĻŦেāĻĻāύা-āĻ­āϰা
āϏāĻŽāĻŦেāĻĻāύা āĻĻি⧟ে āĻ­āϰা
āϤৃāϤী⧟া āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āĻŽāύ্āĻĻāĻ­াāĻ—্āϝ
āĻŽāύ্āĻĻ āϝে āĻ­াāĻ—্āϝ
āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟
āĻŽāύ্āĻĻ āĻ­াāĻ—্āϝ āϝাāϰ
āĻŦāĻšুāĻŦ্āϰীāĻšি
āύ্āϝা⧟āϏāĻ™্āĻ—āϤ
āύ্āϝা⧟ āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āϏāĻ™্āĻ—āϤ
āϤৃāϤী⧟া āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āϜীāĻŦāύāϏāĻž্āϚাāϰ
āϜীāĻŦāύেāϰ āϏāĻž্āϚাāϰ
āώāώ্āĻ ী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āφāĻŦāϰ্āϜāύা-āĻ­āϰা
āφāĻŦāϰ্āϜāύা āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āĻ­āϰা
āϤৃāϤী⧟া āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āĻ—াāύেāϰ āφāϏāϰ
āĻ—াāύেāϰ āφāϏāϰ
āĻ…āϞুāĻ• āώāώ্āĻ ী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āϰাāύ্āύাāϘāϰ
āϰাāύ্āύা āĻ•āϰা āϘāϰ
āĻŽāϧ্āϝāĻĒāĻĻāϞোāĻĒী āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟
āϰাāύ্āύাāϰ āύিāĻŽিāϤ্āϤ āϘāϰ
āϚāϤুāϰ্āĻĨী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āĻŦেāĻ“ā§ŸাāϰিāĻļ
āĻŦে (āύেāχ) āĻ“ā§ŸাāϰিāĻļ āϝাāϰ
āύāĻžāϰ্āĻĨāĻ• āĻŦāĻšুāĻŦ্āϰীāĻšি
āϏāύ্āϧ্āϝাāĻĒ্āϰāĻĻীāĻĒ
āϏāύ্āϧ্āϝাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻীāĻĒ
āώāώ্āĻ ী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āϜীāĻŦāύāĻĒ্āϰāĻĻীāĻĒ
āϜীāĻŦāύ āϰূāĻĒ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻীāĻĒ
āϰূāĻĒāĻ• āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟
āϏুāĻ–āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ
āϏুāĻ–েāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ
āώāώ্āĻ ী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āĻ—ৃāĻšāĻ•āϰ্āϤ্āϰী
āĻ—ৃāĻšেāϰ āĻ•āϰ্āϤ্āϰী
āώāώ্āĻ ী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āĻŦাāĻ•āĻŦিāϤāĻŖ্āĻĄা
āĻŦাāĻ• āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āĻŦিāϤāĻŖ্āĻĄা
āϤৃāϤী⧟া āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āĻ…āϤ্āϝাāϚাāϰ āĻ…āĻŦিāϚাāϰ
āĻ…āϤ্āϝাāϚাāϰ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻŦিāϚাāϰ
āĻĻ্āĻŦāύ্āĻĻ্āĻŦ
āĻļ্āĻŦাāϏ-āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āĻŦাāϏ
āĻļ্āĻŦাāϏ āĻ“ āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āĻŦাāϏ
āĻĻ্āĻŦāύ্āĻĻ্āĻŦ
āĻ•āϚুāĻ•াāϟা
āĻ•āϚুāϰ āĻŽāϤ āĻ•াāϟা
āωāĻĒāĻŽাāύ āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟
āĻ…āĻ•্āώāϤ
āύ⧟ āĻ•্āώāϤ
āύāĻž āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āĻ…āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦাāϏ্āϝ
āύ⧟ āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦাāϏ্āϝ
āύāĻž āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āĻŦেāφāχāύি
āĻŦে (āύ⧟) āφāχāύি
āύāĻž āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āĻ…āĻĒāϰ্āϝাāĻĒ্āϤ
āύ⧟ āĻĒāϰ্āϝাāĻĒ্āϤ
āύāĻž āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ


āϝৌāĻŦāύেāϰ āĻ—াāύ
āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ
āĻŦ্āϝাāϏāĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ
āϏāĻŽাāϏেāϰ āύাāĻŽ
āĻļ্āϰāĻŽ-āĻ•িāĻŖাāĻ™্āĻ•-āĻ•āĻ িāύ
āĻļ্āϰāĻŽ-āĻ•িāĻŖাāĻ™্āĻ•েāϰ āύ্āϝা⧟ āĻ•āĻ িāύ
āωāĻĒāĻŽাāύ āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟
āĻŦāύ্āϝ-āĻļ্āĻŦাāĻĒāĻĻ-āϏāĻ™্āĻ•ুāϞ
āĻŦāύ্āϝ-āĻļ্āĻŦাāĻĒāĻĻে āϏāĻ™্āĻ•ুāϞ
āϏāĻĒ্āϤāĻŽী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āϜāϰা-āĻŽৃāϤ্āϝু-āĻ­ীāώāĻŖা
āϜāϰা-āĻŽৃāϤ্āϝুāϤে āĻ­ীāώāĻŖা
āϏāĻĒ্āϤāĻŽী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āϧāϰāĻŖী-āĻŽেāϰী
āϧāϰāύী āϰূāĻĒ āĻŽেāϰী
āϰূāĻĒāĻ• āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰ⧟
āĻ–ে⧟াāϞ-āĻ–ুāĻļি
āĻ–ে⧟াāϞ āĻ“ āĻ–ুāĻļি
āĻĻ্āĻŦāύ্āĻĻ্āĻŦ
āϜীāĻŦāύ-āφāĻŦেāĻ—
āϜীāĻŦāύেāϰ āφāĻŦেāĻ—
āώāώ্āĻ ী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āωāĻĻ্āϧāϤ-āĻļিāϰ
āωāĻĻ্āϧāϤ āĻļিāϰ āϝাāϰ
āĻŦāĻšুāĻŦ্āϰীāĻšি
āϏিāύ্āϧু-āύীāϰ
āϏিāύ্āϧুāϰ āύীāϰ
āώāώ্āĻ ী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āϝৌāĻŦāύ-āĻŦেāĻ—
āϝৌāĻŦāύেāϰ āĻŦেāĻ—
āώāώ্āĻ ী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āĻŽāϰু-āĻ•āĻŦি
āĻŽāϰুāϰ āĻ•āĻŦি
āώāώ্āĻ ী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āĻŦিāĻĒ্āϞāĻŦ-āĻ…āĻ­িāϝাāύ
āĻŦিāĻĒ্āϞāĻŦ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ­িāϝাāύ
āĻĻ্āĻŦāύ্āĻĻ্āĻŦ
āĻ—āϰāϞ-āĻĒি⧟াāϞা
āĻ—āϰāϞেāϰ āĻĒি⧟াāϞা
āώāώ্āĻ ী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ
āĻ—িāϰি-āύিঃāϏ্āϰাāĻŦ
āĻ—িāϰি āĻšāϤে āύিঃāϏৃāϤ āϝা
āĻŦāĻšুāĻŦ্āϰীāĻšি
āĻ•ূāĻĒāĻŽāĻŖ্āĻĄুāĻ•
āĻ•ূāĻĒেāϰ āĻŽāĻŖ্āĻĄুāĻ•
āώāώ্āĻ ী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒুāϰুāώ